large language models

GPT-4 improves sex-specificity in cardiovascular patient education but may perpetuate gender biases: A mixed-methods audit

Patient education materials for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention frequently omit clinically important differences in disease manifestation, risk, and prevention between sexes. Socially constructed gender norms further shape how health information is communicated and received. Large Language Models (LLMs) like GP...

Artifact of Live Noise Fingerprints as an Empirical Semantics for Noisy Quantum Channels

Abstract Quantum computations execute on noisy hardware whose effective noise is opaque and varies across platforms and over time. Complete descriptions of the underlying noise channel are often too detailed for reasoning, comparison, or analysis. We therefore study the semantic problem of constructing tractable abstra...

A collaborative agent with two lightweight synergistic models for autonomous crystal materials research

The Limit on Running Speed Is Not How Fast the Legs Move but How Hard the Ground Is Pushed ── As speed rises only the contact time shortens, and the duty factor falls from 0.6667 to 0.3714 ── Supporting the same body weight then takes a mean vertical force rising from 1.5 to 2.6923 times body weight ── The aerial time barely changes ── [Paper 380]

It is tempting to think one cannot run faster because the legs cannot turn over quickly enough. This paper asks which quantity reaches its limit first──the answer is the force applied to the ground. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and...

The Superhydrophobic State Is Metastable, Not Stable ── One surface holds two contact angles: at r=2.0 and f=0.30 they are 133.1602 and 143.3797 degrees ── The Young angle at which the two balance is 114.3157 degrees, and the actual 110 does not reach it ── The state that repels better is the one losing thermodynamically ── [Paper 376]

A superhydrophobic surface is described as one that repels water. This paper asks whether that state is stable──the answer is that under some conditions it is metastable, not stable. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law is cl...

How Much You Remember Is Decided by How You Test ── One memory, one day later: 71.70 per cent by free recall and 91.07 per cent by savings in relearning ── The gap widens with time, reaching 3.2698 after a month ── And an exponential forgetting curve predicts 10^-13 at a month, breaking down ── [Paper 378]

A forgetting curve shows memory falling with time. This paper asks what quantity is falling──the answer is a different quantity for each way of testing, giving three answers one day later. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law...

What Sets the Amplitude of a Predator--Prey Cycle Is the Initial Condition, Not the Equation ── With the coefficients unchanged, moving the start from 13 to 30 takes the amplitude ratio from 1.0518 to 6.8463 ── There is no damping, so it never shrinks ── The equation does not answer "how large is this ecosystem's cycle" ── [Paper 373]

Predator and prey are said to rise and fall in cycles. This paper asks what sets the size of that cycle──the answer is that the initial condition sets it, not the equation. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed──the...

The Brain Uses "2 Per Cent of the Mass and 20 Per Cent of the Energy" Because What It Is Compared With Is Resting ── The brain's specific power is 14.2857 W/kg against a whole-body average of 1.4286, a ratio of 10 ── But skeletal muscle in exercise runs at 100 W/kg, seven times the brain ── The factor of 10 comes from the smallness of the denominator, not the largeness of the brain ── [Paper 382]

The brain is said to use 2 per cent of the body’s mass and 20 per cent of its energy. This paper asks where that factor of 10 comes from──the answer is not that the brain is high but that the denominator is low. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical...

The Superhydrophobic State Is Metastable, Not Stable ── One surface holds two contact angles: at r=2.0 and f=0.30 they are 133.1602 and 143.3797 degrees ── The Young angle at which the two balance is 114.3157 degrees, and the actual 110 does not reach it ── The state that repels better is the one losing thermodynamically ── [Paper 376]

A superhydrophobic surface is described as one that repels water. This paper asks whether that state is stable──the answer is that under some conditions it is metastable, not stable. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law is cl...

"Twice as Hot" Has Three Answers, and Only One Gives a Ratio of 2 ── Doubling 20 degrees Celsius gives 40.0000 in Celsius, 57.7778 in Fahrenheit, and 313.1500 in Kelvin ── Outside Kelvin the absolute-temperature ratio is only 1.068224 and 1.128868 ── On a scale with an arbitrary origin, multiplication carries no meaning ── [Paper 379]

Temperature is written as a number. This paper asks whether that number may be multiplied──the answer is that it depends on the scale, and only Kelvin permits it. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed──Celsius, Fahr...

In a Gravity Assist the Probe Speeds Up, and in the Planet's Frame Its Speed Never Changed ── Against Jupiter's orbital speed of 13.07 km/s, the gain seen from the Sun is at most 26.14 km/s ── Jupiter thereby loses 2.4310x10^-20 m/s of orbital speed ── The probe's change in speed is 1.0753x10^24 times Jupiter's ── [Paper 381]

A gravity assist is described as accelerating on a planet’s gravity. This paper asks in which frame the acceleration happened──the answer is that from the Sun it accelerated and from the planet its speed never changed. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathe...

"Twice as Hot" Has Three Answers, and Only One Gives a Ratio of 2 ── Doubling 20 degrees Celsius gives 40.0000 in Celsius, 57.7778 in Fahrenheit, and 313.1500 in Kelvin ── Outside Kelvin the absolute-temperature ratio is only 1.068224 and 1.128868 ── On a scale with an arbitrary origin, multiplication carries no meaning ── [Paper 379]

Temperature is written as a number. This paper asks whether that number may be multiplied──the answer is that it depends on the scale, and only Kelvin permits it. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed──Celsius, Fahr...