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What Sets the Amplitude of a Predator--Prey Cycle Is the Initial Condition, Not the Equation ── With the coefficients unchanged, moving the start from 13 to 30 takes the amplitude ratio from 1.0518 to 6.8463 ── There is no damping, so it never shrinks ── The equation does not answer "how large is this ecosystem's cycle" ── [Paper 373]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

Predator and prey are said to rise and fall in cycles. This paper asks what sets the size of that cycle──the answer is that the initial condition sets it, not the equation. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed──the Lotka--Volterra equations, neutral stability, and the conserved quantity are all standard. We do not build dynamical systems theory──the general theory as a Hamiltonian system and structural stability under perturbation are not entered. They are named and no more. We do not build ecology──what sets the oscillation of real populations is not the subject. Only the properties of the equations. We do not discuss numerics──Euler’s method is used and its error stated. Higher-order and symplectic integrators are not the subject. We do not extend the model──adding a logistic term or a functional response is not the subject. Adding either destroys the neutral stability. We use no data──records such as the Canadian lynx pelt series are not used. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 367 showed a conserved total with only the distribution free──there too a conserved quantity made the conclusion. Paper 357 showed “optimal” undetermined without an objective──here “amplitude” is undetermined without an initial condition. Paper 300 showed whether two things share a root is decidable──by that test, the period of an oscillation and its amplitude have distinct roots. Paper 371 showed a difference appearing with no cause──here the answer differs by 6.5 times with the equation unchanged. What is added is giving the amplitude ratio at four initial conditions, confirming that V is constant along an orbit, stating the numerical drift 1.457x10^-4 openly, showing as a control that doubling the time does not shrink it, and putting the separator on whether there is an attractor. First, the fixed point of the Lotka--Volterra system is (c/d, a/b)=(13.3333, 10.0000) (Section 2). Second, this is the core of the paper. Starting at (13,10) gives an amplitude ratio of 1.0518; at (30,10) it is 6.8463 (Section 2). Third, not one of the coefficients a, b, c, d was changed (Section 2). Fourth, the conserved quantity V is nearly constant along an orbit, drifting by 1.457x10^-4 (integration error) (Section 3). Fifth, doubling the time does not shrink the amplitude, because there is no damping (Section 3). Sixth, the separator is whether the system has something to be drawn toward, not whether it oscillates (Section 5). Predator and prey are said to rise and fall in cycles──but how far the cycle swings is nowhere in the equations. The fixed point of the Lotka--Volterra system is (c/d, a/b)=(13.3333, 10.0000)──start there and nothing moves; away from it the system oscillates, and the initial condition sets how far. With the coefficients unchanged, the start alone moves the amplitude by 6.5──(13,10) gives an amplitude ratio of 1.0518 (right beside the fixed point, so it barely moves) and (30,10) gives 6.8463. Not one of a, b, c, d was changed. The conserved V runs from -2.892534 to -2.453782, one value per orbit: it is the orbit’s name tag, and the orbits nest without crossing. And with no damping, it never shrinks──along one orbit V is nearly constant, drifting by 1.457x10^-4, which is Euler-method error and not physical damping. Doubling the time leaves the ratio nearly the same. This is neutral stability: a perturbation neither decays nor grows, but moves to another orbit and stays. So the whole history of disturbances remains ── shake it hard once and that amplitude continues indefinitely. The property is fragile, though──add a logistic term to the prey and the fixed point becomes an attractor; add a functional response and a limit cycle appears. In both cases the memory of the initial condition is erased. This paper has computed neither and cites them only. One thing separates them──whether the system has something to be drawn toward; not whether it oscillates. All three systems oscillate, so “it is periodic” does not distinguish them ── what does is whether the amplitude depends on the start. If the memory is kept, past disturbances can be inferred; if erased, the present amplitude says nothing about the past. To be said honestly──the drift grows in one direction because Euler’s method does not conserve V; a symplectic integrator would keep it bounded, and this paper has not implemented one. The 6.8463 holds for the stated coefficients and integrator. One last thing──do not put to an equation a question it does not answer. “What is this system’s amplitude” acquires meaning, in the bare Lotka--Volterra, only once an initial condition is named. When no answer comes back, sometimes the model is not deficient; the question is. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. ----- 捕食者と被食者は周期的に増減する、と説明される。本稿が問うのはその周期の大きさを何が決めるかである──答えは方程式ではなく、初期値が決めている。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──ロトカ=ヴォルテラ方程式・中立安定・保存量はすべて既知である。力学系を作らない──ハミルトン系としての一般論や、摂動に対する構造安定性には立ち入らない。名前を挙げるにとどめる。生態学を作らない──実際の個体群の振動が何で決まるかは主題ではない。方程式の性質だけを扱う。数値解法を論じない──オイラー法を用い、その誤差を明示する。高次の解法やシンプレクティック積分は主題ではない。拡張しない──ロジスティック項や機能的応答を加えた場合は主題ではない。それらを加えると中立安定は壊れる。データを扱わない──カナダオオヤマネコの毛皮記録のような実測は用いない。既刊との関係:論文367 は感度の総量が保存され配分だけが選べることを示した──そこでも保存量が結論を作った。論文357 は「最適」が目的関数なしに決まらないことを示した──ここでは「振幅」が初期値なしに決まらない。論文300 は同根か別根かが判定できることを示した──振動の周期と振動の振幅は、その基準で別根である。論文371 は原因が無くても差が出ることを示した──ここでは方程式が同じでも答が 6.5 倍違う。加えたのは、四つの初期値で振幅比を数に出したこと、保存量 V が軌道上で一定であることを確かめたこと、数値誤差 1.457x10^-4 を明示したこと、時間を倍にしても縮まないことを対照として示したこと、分離子を「引き込む先があるか」に置いたことである。 第一に、ロトカ=ヴォルテラ系の不動点は (c/d, a/b)=(13.3333, 10.0000) である(第2節)。 第二に、これが本稿の芯である。初期値 (13,10) では振幅比 1.0518、(30,10) では 6.8463 になる(第2節)。 第三に、係数 a・b・c・d は一つも変えていない(第2節)。 第四に、保存量 V が軌道上でほぼ一定であり、ずれは 1.457x10^-4(数値解法の誤差)である(第3節)。 第五に、時間を倍にしても振幅は縮まない。減衰が無いからである(第3節)。 第六に、分離子は「引き込む先があるか」であって、周期の有無ではない(第5節)。 捕食者と被食者は周期的に増減する、と説明される──だがその周期がどれだけ大きく振れるかは、方程式に書いていない。ロトカ=ヴォルテラ系の不動点は (c/d, a/b)=(13.3333, 10.0000) である──そこで始めれば動かないが、外れると振動し、その振れ幅は初期値が決める。同じ係数のまま、初期値だけで振幅が 6.5 倍動く──初期値 (13,10) では振幅比 1.0518(不動点のすぐ隣なのでほとんど動かない)、(30,10) では 6.8463。係数 a・b・c・d は一つも変えていない。保存量 V が -2.892534 から -2.453782 まで初期値ごとに違い、V が軌道の名札になっている──軌道は入れ子で、交わらない。そして減衰が無いから、いつまでも縮まない──一本の軌道上で V はほぼ一定で、ずれは 1.457x10^-4(オイラー法の誤差であって物理的な減衰ではない)。時間を倍にしても振幅比はほぼ同じである。これを中立安定といい、摂動を加えても戻らないが発散もせず、別の軌道へ移ってそのまま留まる。だから外乱の履歴が全部残り、一度大きく揺すられたらその振幅がそのまま続く。だが、この性質は脆い──被食者にロジスティック項を一つ足せば不動点が引き込む先になり、機能的応答を足せばリミットサイクルが出る。どちらの場合も初期値の記憶が消える。本稿はどちらも計算しておらず、文献として挙げるにとどめる。分けているものは一つ──系が引き込む先をもつかどうかであって、振動するかどうかではない。三つの系はどれも振動するので、「周期的だ」という観察は三つを区別しない。区別するのは、振幅が初期値に依るかどうかである。初期値の記憶が残るなら過去の外乱を推定でき、消えるなら現在の振幅から過去は分からない。正直に言えば──V のずれが片方向に増えているのはオイラー法が保存量を保たないためで、シンプレクティックな解法なら有界になる。本稿はその実装をしていない。6.8463 も、明示した係数・初期値・解法の上での値である。最後に一つ──方程式が答えない問いを、方程式に投げてはいけない。「この系の振幅は」は、素のロトカ=ヴォルテラでは初期値を指定して初めて意味をもつ。答が返ってこないとき、模型が足りないのではなく、問いが不足していることがある。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。

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