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The Usual Explanation of the Brazil-Nut Effect Fails on the Size of the Gap ── The gap between three 20 mm spheres admits only 3.0940 mm ── For "small grains fall through the gaps" to work, the diameter ratio must be at least 6.4641, while the effect is seen at about 4 ── It is the explanation that fails, on geometry ── [Paper 365]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

Shake a mixture and the large grains come to the top. This paper asks whether the usual explanation survives the geometry──the answer is that it does not: the gap is too small. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed──the Brazil-nut effect, percolation, and granular convection are all standard. We do not build granular mechanics──the theory of granular convection and the conditions for the reverse Brazil-nut effect are not entered. They are named and no more. We perform no experiment──no measurement on real grains is made. The computation is on hard-sphere geometry. We do not settle the mechanism──this paper says only that percolation cannot explain it; it does not settle what does. Packing is not discussed──close packing and random packing fractions themselves are not the subject. The loosest case, three mutually touching spheres, is taken. Vibration is not treated──dependence on frequency, amplitude, and acceleration is not the subject. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 359 showed the gyroscope to be orders too small──there an explanation failed on magnitude; here one fails on geometry. Paper 363 showed a bat to have three sweet spots──there too several mechanisms stood behind one phenomenon. Paper 300 showed whether two things share a root is decidable──by that test, percolation and convection have distinct roots. Paper 361 showed a classifier failing when tried on a known instance──here the explanation fails at the ratio where the effect is actually seen. What is added is giving the gap ratio 0.154701 as a number, solving backwards for the required diameter ratio 6.4641, checking both sides of the boundary (ratios 4 and 10), using the buoyancy analogy’s density reversal as a control, and putting the separator on whether the geometry permits it. First, the sphere that fits in the gap between three equal spheres has 0.154701 of their diameter (Section 2). Second, for 20 mm grains that gap admits only 3.0940 mm (Section 2). Third, this is the core of the paper. Percolation requires a diameter ratio of at least 6.4641 (Section 2). Fourth, at a ratio of 4 (a 5 mm grain) it does not fit; at 10 (a 2 mm grain) it does (Section 2). Fifth, the buoyancy analogy reverses its prediction if the large grain is made dense (Section 3). Sixth, the separator is whether the geometry permits it, not density and not how it is shaken (Section 5). Shake a mixture and the large grains come to the top──the usual explanation is that small grains fall into the gaps and push the large ones up. But that explanation carries a geometric condition──the sphere fitting the gap between three equal spheres has 0.154701 of their diameter. For 20 mm grains that is 3.0940 mm, so percolation needs a diameter ratio of at least 6.4641. And three touching spheres in a plane is the case with the largest gap; a real three-dimensional packing is tighter. Meanwhile the ratio at which the effect is actually seen is about 4──Brazil nuts and peanuts, soybeans and sesame. At a ratio of 4 (a 5 mm grain) the small grain does not fit; at 10 (a 2 mm grain) it does. So the phenomenon happens while the mechanism is forbidden by geometry ── the same shape as the gyroscope failing on order of magnitude in Paper 359. The other explanation fails too──the buoyancy analogy predicts “floats” with the large grain at 900 kg/m^3 against 1400, but predicts “sinks” at 2000 kg/m^3, and heavy large grains are known to rise anyway. Both explanations are falsifiable in shape, and in both cases the phenomenon happens outside the condition. The literature names granular convection──vibration sets up a downward flow along the walls and an upward flow in the middle, and a large grain rides the upward flow but cannot re-enter the narrow wall channel to come back down. That mechanism carries no diameter-ratio condition and works at a ratio of 4. This paper has not tested it and cites it only. One thing separates them──whether the geometry permits the mechanism; not density and not how it is shaken. With a ratio of 4 and a dense large grain, only convection survives, so conditions narrow the mechanism. And the separator can be moved: make the small grains finer than 3.0940 mm and, with the same large grains, percolation switches on. To be said honestly──3.0940 mm and 6.4641 are values on a hard-sphere model, and real grains have corners and deform. What does not move is the structure: percolation has a lower bound on the diameter ratio. One last thing──that a phenomenon occurs is not evidence that its explanation is right. Brazil nuts do come to the top, but at the ratio where the effect is actually seen the usual explanation is forbidden by geometry. Unless the explanation is checked, its correctness cannot be borrowed from the phenomenon. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. ----- 揺すると大きい粒が上へ来る。本稿が問うのは定番の説明が幾何で成り立つかである──答えは成り立たない。隙間が小さすぎる。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──ブラジルナッツ効果・浸透(パーコレーション)・粉体対流はすべて既知である。粉体力学を作らない──粉体対流の理論や、逆ブラジルナッツ効果の条件には立ち入らない。名前を挙げるにとどめる。実験をしない──実際の粒での測定は行わない。剛体球の幾何の上で計算する。機構を決定しない──本稿は「浸透では説明できない」と言うだけで、では何かを決定しない。充填を論じない──最密充填やランダム充填率そのものは主題ではない。三個が接する配置という最も緩い場合を取る。振動を扱わない──振動数・振幅・加速度の依存性は主題ではない。既刊との関係:論文359 はジャイロ効果の桁が足りないことを示した──そこでは説明が桁で落ちた。ここでは説明が幾何で落ちる。論文363 は「芯」が三つあることを示した──そこでも一つの現象に複数の機構が並んでいた。論文300 は同根か別根かが判定できることを示した──浸透と対流は、その基準で別根である。論文361 は既知の一件で試すと分類が落ちることを示した──ここでは実際に効果が見える比で試すと説明が落ちる。加えたのは、隙間の比 0.154701 を数に出したこと、必要な直径比 6.4641 を逆算したこと、境目の両側(比 4 と比 10)を確かめたこと、浮力の類推が密度で向きを変えることを対照として示したこと、分離子を「幾何が許すか」に置いたことである。 第一に、同じ大きさの球三個が作る隙間に入れる球の直径は、元の 0.154701 倍までである(第2節)。 第二に、直径 20 mm の粒なら、隙間に入れるのは 3.0940 mm までである(第2節)。 第三に、これが本稿の芯である。浸透機構が働くには直径比 6.4641 倍以上が要る(第2節)。 第四に、直径比 4 倍(小粒 5 mm)では入らず、10 倍(小粒 2 mm)なら入る(第2節)。 第五に、浮力の類推は、大粒を重くすると向きが反転してしまう(第3節)。 第六に、分離子は「幾何が許すか」であって、粒の密度でも揺すり方でもない(第5節)。 揺すると大きい粒が上へ来る──定番の説明は「小さい粒が隙間に落ち、大粒が押し上げられる」というものである。だがこの説明には幾何の条件がある──同じ大きさの球三個が作る隙間に入れる球の直径は、元の 0.154701 倍までである。直径 20 mm の粒なら 3.0940 mm までで、浸透が働くには直径比が 6.4641 倍以上でなければならない。しかも三個が接する平面配置は隙間が最も大きくなる場合であり、実際の三次元の充填ではもっと狭い。そして実際に効果が見える比は 4 倍前後である──ブラジルナッツとピーナッツ、大豆と胡麻。直径比 4 倍(小粒 5 mm)では隙間に入らず、10 倍(小粒 2 mm)なら入る。つまり現象は起きるのに、機構のほうが幾何で禁じられている。論文359 でジャイロ効果が桁で落ちたのと同じ形である。もう一つの説明も落ちる──「大粒は周りより軽いから浮く」という浮力の類推は、大粒 900 kg/m^3・小粒 1400 kg/m^3 なら向きが合うが、大粒を 2000 kg/m^3 にすれば「沈む」と予言する。実際には重い大粒でも上がることが知られている。二つの説明はどちらも反証しうる形をしており、そして両方とも、条件の外で現象が起きている。文献では粉体対流が挙げられている──振動で容器の壁沿いに下降流ができ中央で上昇し、大粒は上昇流に乗って上がるが、下降流の狭い経路には入れないので戻れない。この機構は直径比の条件をもたないので比 4 倍でも成り立つ。ただし本稿はこれを検証しておらず、文献として挙げるにとどめる。分けているものは一つ──その機構が幾何で許されるかであって、粒の密度でも揺すり方でもない。比 4 倍かつ重い大粒という場合に残るのは対流だけであり、条件で機構を絞れる。そして分離子は動かせる──小粒をさらに細かくして 3.0940 mm を切れば、同じ大粒のままで機構が浸透へ入れ替わる。正直に言えば──3.0940 mm も 6.4641 倍も剛体球という模型の上での値であり、実際の粒は角があり変形もする。動かないのは、浸透に直径比の下限があるという構造だけである。最後に一つ──現象が起きることは、その説明が正しいことの証拠にならない。ブラジルナッツは確かに上がるが、定番の説明は実際に効果が見える比では幾何が禁じている。説明を検算しないかぎり、正しさは現象から借りられない。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。

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