Digital Twin-Assisted Beamforming for Millimeter Wave Massive MIMO

Abstract

Millimeter wave (mmWave) Massive MIMO is a cornerstone technology for sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks, providing the directional gain necessary to overcome high path loss. However, the acquisition of high-fidelity Channel State Information (CSI) and the associated beamforming overhead remain significant bottlenecks, particularly in dynamic environments with frequent blockages. In this paper, we propose a fast and robust beamforming strategy enabled by a digital twin (DT) framework. Specifically, we develop a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN)-based DT module that serves as a high-fidelity virtual surrogate for site-specific ray-tracing. By processing environmental 3D geometry and dynamic obstacle data, the cGAN predicts real-time Beam-Power Maps (BPM) with minimal computational latency. Building upon these predictions, we introduce a Graph Neural Network (GNN)-based resource allocation agent that models the network as a spatial interference graph to perform coordination and power control. Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed DT-assisted approach significantly reduces online interaction overhead by shifting the computational burden of ray-tracing to an offline generative phase. Furthermore, the framework achieves superior sum-rate performance and link robustness under dynamic blockages compared to conventional deep learning and heuristic benchmarks.