Modelling the Impact of Artificial Intelligence Generated Content ( AIGC ) on Critical Thinking and Emotional Learning: The Moderating Role of Intrinsic Motivation in Higher Education

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of Artificial Intelligence‐Generated Content (AIGC) tools, such as ChatGPT, on higher education students' intrinsic motivation, emotional learning, development of critical thinking and transformation of emotional learning. By designing a conceptual framework grounded in Self‐Determination Theory, the study explored how the use of AIGC tools shapes learning outcomes through both direct and moderating effects of intrinsic motivation. A survey was administered to 475 university‐level students across several disciplines in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS‐SEM) to measure the relationships between AIGC usage, intrinsic motivation and learning outcomes. The results revealed that AIGC tools have positive effects on intrinsic motivation, which significantly influences the development of critical thinking and the transformation of emotional learning. Intrinsic motivation demonstrated a limited moderating role. A significant interaction was observed only between AIGC Impact and intrinsic motivation in predicting Emotional Learning Transformation ( p  = 0.044), whereas the moderation effect for Critical Thinking Development was non‐significant ( p  = 0.405), and interactions involving AIGC Tools for Learning were not significant. These findings suggest that the moderating role of intrinsic motivation is pathway‐specific rather than general. Furthermore, high‐frequency usage of AIGC tools was found to negatively predict ELT when controlling for motivation ( β  = −0.069), highlighting risks of over‐dependency. The findings emphasize the importance of fostering intrinsic motivation to maximize the pedagogical benefits of AI‐powered tools. The study suggests that educational institutions must prioritize AI literacy and ethical guidelines to prevent cognitive passivity and ensure responsible AI integration in the digital era.