The Infinite Verb Forms in Turkish and in Tamil

INVESTIGATING ASPECTS OF PREFIXATION IN ENGLISH AND IGBO LANGUAGES

Prefixation is a morphological process which studies how morphemes are affixed in the beginning of their host words for either grammatical functions or for lexical expansion and derivation. This paper investigates aspects of the grammar of prefixation in English and Igbo Languages. It adopts a comparative theoretical framework, so as to identify the morphological similarities and difference in both languages. It also adopts the qualitative design, which gives the description of the data the way they are. The paper adopts both a primary and secondary methods of data collections. The primary data were basically from the native speaker’s competence, the researcher who is a speaker of the Igbo language supplied the necessary data. The secondary data were sourced from textual materials. The analysis shows grammatical and functional similarities and dissimilarities in both languages, as well derivative similarities and dissimilarities in both languages. Prefixes are used in both languages to derive new words, change word classes, but Igbo in additions realise grammatical functions with prefixes. The study of prefixation in both languages greatly reveals common universal principles of human language and at the same time, parametric variations in the languages, showing their uniqueness. The study concludes that prefixation in both languages are morphologically productive, being inflectional in the Igbo language; derivational flexible in both languages, and can as well perform different linguistic functions in both languages. The study notes the selective nature of the paper on instances of prefixation in both languages because of space, and thus, recommends an expanded investigation of the topic; and comparative investigation of other related morphological concepts, such as infixation, interfixation and suffixation in English and Igbo.

Simple Tenses in English and Ngalum

MAIN PROBLEMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF PARTICIPLE II CONSTRUCTIONS

The conducted research shows that participle constructions used in the adverbial function in German are one of the important elements of the verb system and syntactic structure. In particular, participle II forms act not only as an infinitive form of the verb, but also as a functional means that create additional meaning relationships within the sentence. These constructions allow for a more concise and informative presentation of the idea by expressing additional circumstances, causes, conditions, concessions and consequences related to the main action. The research shows that when translating participle II constructions into Azerbaijani, it is not always possible to fully preserve their formal structure. The main reason for this is the differences between the grammatical and syntactic systems of the two languages. Therefore, various transformation methods are used in the translation process. During syntactic transformation, the participle construction is replaced by a broader sentence structure, while during grammatical transformation, various verb forms are used. Lexical and semantic transformations serve to convey the expressed meaning and stylistic nuances in the Azerbaijani language in a natural way. As a result of the research, it was determined that one of the main features of participle II forms is that they express a completed action and the state that has arisen as a result of that action.

Not Like Us: Imagining Meaning in Syntactic Presence and Absence of The To-Be Verb

A sentence consists of a deep and surface structure that each structure could contain different propositions in which it is used to transfer meanings to the addressee. This study examines the syntactic structure of a song lyric entitled Not Like Us, which was sung by Kendrick Lamar, to analyse the meanings conveyed in the sentences expressed with ungrammatically accepted structure. This research is conducted using a qualitative method where sentences in every line of the lyrics are analysed in terms of the presence and absence of the to-be verb.  This study aims to categorize the use of to-be verb in the song Not Like Us and find the implied meaning found in sentences with both the syntactic presence and absence of the to-be verb. This research argues that the absence of the to-be verb is a communicative way to convey a particular meaning, rather than being considered an ungrammatically accepted structure. The result of this study concludes that word arrangement in song lyrics conveys meanings differently depending on the use of English grammar and syntactically unaccepted grammar.

The Development of Relative Clauses in Modern Ukrainian: Lexical Variation over Syntactic Change

The paper argues that developments and changes in relative-clause formation in Ukrainian since the end of the 18th c. are due to lexical variation between a relative particle, typically ščo ‘that’, with or without a resumptive pronoun, and the relative pronouns jakyj and kotryj ‘which’. This repertory of relativisers is the result of previous syntactic changes, without any further ones in the modern period. The paper provides evidence that there are no grammaticalised constraints attached to them in modern Standard Ukrainian or the dialects. Due to its lexical nature, relativiser selection is subject to substantial diatopic, diachronic and diaphasic variability, as well as to language contact and linguistic standardisation. The paper shows, with reference to contemporary Standard Ukrainian corpus data, that selection preferences may still correlate with extralinguistic and linguistic factors, such as jakyj as the standardised choice and ščo almost exclusively in subject position.

Inversion Pattern and Functional Shifts of The Verb ‘Ada’ in Indonesian Sentences

This study was motivated by the frequent use of sentences with the verb ada that require structural analysis, with the focus of the study directed toward the syntactic function of these sentences The data, consisting of 194 sentences composed by students in an academic context, were selected purposively and analyzed using a descriptive method based on Verhaar’s theory. The results reveal four constructions: N+Va, Va+N, N+Va+Num, and N+Va+N, with the Va+N construction being the most prevalent; verbs ada are always function as predicates and follow an inverted word order (P–S). These sentences are classified as simple and complex sentences with a variety of structural patterns. Furthermore, a shift in the category of the verb ada to an adverb was observed when it co-occurs with numerals, indicating its adaptability as an active element within numeral phrases, rather than merely a passive component, particularly in graded complex clause. This study demonstrates that the syntactic behavior of verbs ada constitutes a movement of verbs in occupying linguistic units at the syntactic level, namely the movement of verbs within grammatical units such as phrases, clauses, and sentences. The implications of these findings include up-to-date guidelines for teaching scientific sentence structure, analyzing academic discourse, and serving as a lexicographical reference to enrich grammatical information on word classes in monolingual Indonesian dictionaries.   Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh banyaknya penggunaan kalimat beverba ada yang memerlukan analisis struktural, dengan fokus kajian diarahkan pada fungsi sintaksis kalimat tersebut. Data berupa 194 kalimat yang disusun mahasiswa dalam konteks akademik dipilih secara purposif dan dianalisis menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan teori Verhaar. Hasil menunjukkan empat konstruksi: N+Va, Va+N, N+Va+Num, dan N+Va+N, yang didominasi konstruksi Va+N; verba ada selalu berfungsi sebagai predikat dan berpola inversi (P–S). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut terklasifikasi dalam kalimat tunggal dan majemuk bertingkat dengan variasi pola yang beragam. Selain itu, ditemukan pergeseran kategori verba ada menjadi adverbia ketika berdampingan dengan numeralia menunjukkan adaptabilitasnya sebagai unsur aktif dalam frasa numeral, bukan sekadar komponen pasif, terutama dalam klausa kompleks bertingkat. Penelitian ini menujukkan perilaku sintaktis verba ada merupakan gerak verba dalam menempati satuan bahasa pada tataran sintaksis, yakni pergerakan verba pada satuan gramatika frasa, klausa, maupun kalimat. Implikasi temuan ini meliputi panduan mutakhir dalam pengajaran struktur kalimat ilmiah, analisis wacana akademik, serta rujukan leksikografi untuk memperkaya informasi gramatikal kelas kata dalam kamus ekabahasa bahasa Indonesia.