Jul 2026· Tabasa Jurnal Bahasa Sastra Indonesia dan Pengajarannya· 1 citation
Abstract
This study was motivated by the frequent use of sentences with the verb ada that require structural analysis, with the focus of the study directed toward the syntactic function of these sentences The data, consisting of 194 sentences composed by students in an academic context, were selected purposively and analyzed using a descriptive method based on Verhaar’s theory. The results reveal four constructions: N+Va, Va+N, N+Va+Num, and N+Va+N, with the Va+N construction being the most prevalent; verbs ada are always function as predicates and follow an inverted word order (P–S). These sentences are classified as simple and complex sentences with a variety of structural patterns. Furthermore, a shift in the category of the verb ada to an adverb was observed when it co-occurs with numerals, indicating its adaptability as an active element within numeral phrases, rather than merely a passive component, particularly in graded complex clause. This study demonstrates that the syntactic behavior of verbs ada constitutes a movement of verbs in occupying linguistic units at the syntactic level, namely the movement of verbs within grammatical units such as phrases, clauses, and sentences. The implications of these findings include up-to-date guidelines for teaching scientific sentence structure, analyzing academic discourse, and serving as a lexicographical reference to enrich grammatical information on word classes in monolingual Indonesian dictionaries.
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh banyaknya penggunaan kalimat beverba ada yang memerlukan analisis struktural, dengan fokus kajian diarahkan pada fungsi sintaksis kalimat tersebut. Data berupa 194 kalimat yang disusun mahasiswa dalam konteks akademik dipilih secara purposif dan dianalisis menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan teori Verhaar. Hasil menunjukkan empat konstruksi: N+Va, Va+N, N+Va+Num, dan N+Va+N, yang didominasi konstruksi Va+N; verba ada selalu berfungsi sebagai predikat dan berpola inversi (P–S). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut terklasifikasi dalam kalimat tunggal dan majemuk bertingkat dengan variasi pola yang beragam. Selain itu, ditemukan pergeseran kategori verba ada menjadi adverbia ketika berdampingan dengan numeralia menunjukkan adaptabilitasnya sebagai unsur aktif dalam frasa numeral, bukan sekadar komponen pasif, terutama dalam klausa kompleks bertingkat. Penelitian ini menujukkan perilaku sintaktis verba ada merupakan gerak verba dalam menempati satuan bahasa pada tataran sintaksis, yakni pergerakan verba pada satuan gramatika frasa, klausa, maupun kalimat. Implikasi temuan ini meliputi panduan mutakhir dalam pengajaran struktur kalimat ilmiah, analisis wacana akademik, serta rujukan leksikografi untuk memperkaya informasi gramatikal kelas kata dalam kamus ekabahasa bahasa Indonesia.
English compound verbs are said to result predominantly from a morphological operation of conversion or desuffixation or, more rarely and ‘directly’, from an operation of compounding. In order to confirm the existence of ‘direct’ compound verbs in contemporary English and assess their relative weight among all compound verbs, a sample set of 250 units was obtained by automatically extracting recent verbal units containing a hyphen from the Oxford English Dictionary. Their dates of first attestation were then compared with those of similar nominal units, and those verbal units that were not clearly preceded by nominal occurrences were considered likely ‘direct’ compounds. They appear to constitute a sizable minority of the sample (almost one-fifth of all units). In a second step, in order to gain insight into the variety and quantitative distribution of the semantic relations attested in the sample, the internal semantic relation of each unit was established, applying, where possible, Pepper’s (2023) list of relations originally developed for binominal units. This showed that the verbal nature of the compounds leads to the presence of two additional, specific relations, MANNER and ATTRIBUTION, and that the morphological origin of the compound verb has an influence on the dominant categories of internal relations.
Pierre J. L. Arnaud, Vincent Renner· Arbeiten aus Anglistik und A...· 0 citations
This study examines the four major word classes (viz. noun, verb, adjective and adverb) in Lohorung, a Kirat Rai (Tibeto-Burman) language of north-eastern Nepal, based on their semantic, syntactic, and morphological properties, based on Givón’s formal and functional approach. Data were collected through elicitation with native speakers and textual analyses and were analysed with reference to the author’s native-speaker intuition. The findings indicate that Lohorung exhibits prototypical nouns with their multiple features and non-prototypical nouns as well. Morphologically, nouns are marked by the specific affixes, <-ʈsi> encodes dual and <-i> encodes plural. Lohorung employs three types of classifiers, namely <-tsi> <-kɔ>, and <-pɑŋ/pɑ>. Verbs are clause-final and serve as main predicates, typical of Tibeto-Burman languages. Lohorung has three numbers and persons systems with clusivity. Manner adverbials may take , and some adverbs modify adjectives. This study concludes that the analysis of the four major word classes enhances the grammatical description of the Lohorung language and contributes to functional-typological research on lexical classification.
Diwas Rai· Journal of Indigenous Knowle...· 0 citations
This paper investigates the syntax of verbless sentences in Arabic in the present tense, contending that the key to understanding the syntax of finite verbless sentences resides in an analysis of the nature of the present tense in Arabic varieties and particularly its feature specifications along the lines of Chomsky (1995) and Benmamoun (2000). Many Arabic varieties lack a copula in present tense sentences with non-verbal predicates, while past tense and future sentences require one. According to Benmamoun (2000), this property and a number of other morphosyntactic asymmetries between the present tense and other tenses in Arabic varieties can be explained under a view that they differ in their categorial feature specifications: while the past tense, for example, is specified as both [+V] and [+D], the present tense is only specified for the [+D] feature, making crucial use of the categorial features of Chomsky (1995). Unlike the majority of Arabic varieties, Sason Arabic has an obligatory copula in the present tense as well. We argue that the variation and change in the copular clauses is not an isolated phenomenon, but reflects a deeper change in the overall feature structure of the present tense. The present tense in Sason Arabic is specified as [+V,+D], and the development of an overt copula and other facts naturally follow from this shift, i.e., the emergence of the [+V] feature. In general, this proposal takes seriously the view that the functional domain of the clause and its categorial features drive syntactic dependencies, and also syntactic variation and change (e.g., Borer 1984).
Faruk Akkuş, E. Benmamoun· Linguistic Inquiry· 0 citations
- This work presented a contrastive syntactic analysis of English and Khana clause structures in order to identify their ground similarities and differences that define the syntactic organization of the two languages. English is the most spoken world language with much attention given to it by linguists. Khana as one of the indigenous languages of Nigeria has not been particularly described at the syntactic level. As its major theoretical framework, Robert Lado’s Contrastive Analysis Theory was used while behavioral theory informed the use made of Chomsky’s Minimalist Program. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed using forty clause structures which consists of simple, copound, complex and complexcampaound sentences selected purposively from both languages and then rendered in the corresponding Khana translation. The study revealed that both English and Khana language have common features as to basic syntactic pattern such as Subject Verb-Object (SVO) sentence and clause structures. There are however, several congurational differences between them in the areas of subject verb agreement, tense/aspect markers, clause linkers, the strategies of relativization and realization of subordinate constructions leading to some of the English syntactic challenges encountered by Nigerian Anglophones and indeed all speakers of Khana as a second language. It was observed therefore that English share common structural universalities with other languages and marked differences under certain structures that make the two languages unique. Based on the findings, the paper recommends, the use of contrastive linguistics in the teaching of English language, curriculum design, translation and further describe and classifying of other indigenous Nigerian languages.
Muele-Gabriel Ewonu, Florence Nne Agwu· Iconic research and engineer...· 0 citations
This article is devoted to the study of current syntactic processes in the structure of simple sentences, based on the Kyrgyz and German languages. The focus is on complex mechanisms of sentence transformation, such as expansion, complication, combination, and deployment, as well as the processes of addition and inclusion of components. These processes are implemented through the use of determinant members and complex predicative constructions. The paper determines the significant role of optional components in increasing the information content of the utterance. Based on a systematic analysis of linguistic material, a description of general typological features and specific differences between the syntactic systems of the two languages is provided. The results contribute to the development of modern comparative-typological linguistics and the general theory of syntax.
S. Sadykova, G. Bakashova· Bulletin of Science and Prac...· 0 citations
Discourse-information structure has been found to shape the realization of verb argument structure. This study investigates the effects of grammatical roles, information status, and animacy of verb arguments on verb argument realization in the speech of Mandarin-speaking children, in comparison with that of their caregivers. The data are drawn from two naturalistic longitudinal corpora of two monolingual Mandarin-learning children (ages 1;07–3;09). All verb arguments were coded for core grammatical roles (Agent, Subject, Object), information status (given vs. new), and animacy (animate vs. inanimate). The results indicate that both child and adult speech generally conform to PAS: the preferred quantity of lexical arguments or new information is no more than one, new and lexical arguments tend to often occur in the Object role, and Agents tend to be given and non-lexical. Children’s and caregivers’ speech are thus shaped by similar discourse-pragmatic factors, though adherence to some constraints varies across dyads and constraints, likely reflecting differences in interactional contexts, caregiver input, and children’s developmental status. These findings suggest that Mandarin-acquiring children are sensitive to discourse-pragmatic constraints in argument realization from early on, aligning with discourse-pragmatic probabilistic approaches to language acquisition.
Shu Yang, Ji-Dong Chen· Languages· 0 citations
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