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The Wind on a Sail and the Apparent Place of a Star Are One and the Same Formula ── the formula that turns a boat-to-wind ratio into an apparent wind gives an aberration of 20.492653 arcseconds when fed the Earth's beta=9.935118x10^-5 ── the two formulas part at beta=0.5, where they differ by 3.4349 degrees ── [Paper 524]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
History and Developments in Astronomy

Abstract

The apparent wind of a sailing craft and the aberration of starlight are taught as separate matters. What this paper shows is that at low speed they are one and the same function, and that they part only where the rule for composing velocities changes. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──aberration, apparent wind and relativistic velocity composition are all standard. Sailing performance is not discussed──no lift or drag coefficients, no polar diagrams; only the geometry of angle and speed. Not all aberration terms are treated──only annual aberration; diurnal and secular aberration and the separation from parallax are not entered. The history of the aether is not adjudicated──what Bradley believed is not at issue, only the precision his measurement reaches. Light in a medium is not treated──Fizeau’s experiment and the drag coefficient are a different subject. They are not called “the same phenomenon”──what is shared is the shape of a function, and wind and light are not claimed to be one thing. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 390 showed that going faster makes the wind stronger, which lets a sailing craft outrun the wind──that its formula is the formula of aberration is not stated there; this paper adds that edge. Paper 328 showed that an ellipse three months out was evidence of a different cause, and treated aberration in doing so──that paper separated aberration from parallax; this one joins aberration to the apparent wind. Paper 83 showed that Galileo’s relativity principle alone admits only two relativities──the separator here is which of the two is chosen, appearing as 3.4349 degrees at beta=0.5. Paper 300 showed that sharing a root is decidable──the verdict here is reached under the criterion of a correspondence that preserves identity. Paper 481 showed a broken law can be blamed on any assumption──when aberration disagrees, whether the speed or the composition rule is at fault stays undetermined while beta is small. What is added is writing the two phenomena as one function with different arguments, building the aberration constant independently from orbital elements to obtain 20.492653 arcseconds, measuring the Galilean--relativistic gap by beta and putting 3.4349 degrees at beta=0.5, showing that at the Earth’s beta the gap is 4.905x10^-13 radians and unmeasurable, and placing the separator on velocity composition. First, feeding the boat-to-wind ratio 0.533333 into the formula gives an apparent wind at 61.9275 degrees──a true wind of 15 knots becoming 17.000000 knots (Section 2). Second, feeding the Earth’s beta=9.935118x10^-5 into the same formula gives 20.492653 arcseconds──matching the independently known aberration constant 20.49552 with ratio 0.999860 (Section 2). Third, the same input returns the same angle──whether beta is a boat-to-wind ratio or a speed-of-light ratio, the function does not distinguish them (Section 2). Fourth, and this is the core. The two formulas part where the rule for composing velocities changes──at the Earth’s beta the Galilean and relativistic answers differ by 4.905x10^-13 radians, or 0.000000 arcseconds, while at beta=0.5 they differ by 3.4349 degrees (Section 3). Fifth, Bradley’s observation does not reach the separator──so long as beta is of order 10^-4, no amount of precision decides the composition rule (Section 3). Sixth, the separator is the composition of velocities──the shape of the function is unchanged; Galilean composition leaves it alone, Lorentz composition brings in gamma (Section 4). The apparent wind of a sailing craft and the aberration of starlight are taught as separate matters. They are one function──feeding tantheta'=sintheta/(costheta+beta) the boat-to-wind ratio 0.533333 gives 1.080839 radians, or 61.9275 degrees, and turns 15 knots of true wind into 17.000000 knots. Subtracting the boat’s velocity from the true wind directly, without the arctan expression, differs by 0.00x10^0, so an independent construction agrees. Feeding the same formula the Earth’s beta=9.935118x10^-5, built from orbital elements, returns 20.492653 arcseconds against the independently known aberration constant 20.49552, a ratio of 0.999860. The same input returns the same angle to 12 digits: the function does not look at where its argument came from. What parts them is the rule for composing velocities──at theta=90 degrees the Galilean and relativistic answers differ by 4.905x10^-13 radians at the Earth’s beta, which is 0.000000 arcseconds and unmeasurable. At beta=0.5 the gap is 5.995x10^-2 radians, or 3.4349 degrees, and at beta=0.9 it opens to 3.870x10^-1 radians. The gap enters at second order, so multiplying beta by 10 multiplies it by roughly 10^3. However finely aberration is measured, the composition rule stays hidden: existence is settled at first order and the rule lives at second. There is a fence──on the sailing side no gamma ever enters, however large beta becomes, because v/V large is not v/c large, and a craft sailing at half the wind speed is ordinary. Sameness of function is not sameness of physics. The shared root covers the small-beta formula only, and a verdict on shared roots without a stated range is incomplete. The separator is velocity composition──it is the choice between the two relativities of Paper 83, and the choice shows itself as 3.4349 degrees at beta=0.5. In the language of Paper 481, a disagreeing aberration measurement has two destinations, but while beta is of order 10^-4 the composition rule is not a candidate, the gap being 10^-13 radians. The formula behind Paper 390 and the aberration of Paper 328 are the same one. To be honest──only the geometry of angle and speed was examined. Sailing performance, lift, drag and polar diagrams were not treated. Only annual aberration was considered, leaving diurnal and secular aberration and the separation from parallax aside. Light in a medium and the drag coefficient are a different subject, and the history of the aether was not adjudicated. What can be said is that the two phenomena are one function with different arguments, that they part where the composition rule changes, and that the gap is 4.905x10^-13 radians for the Earth and 3.4349 degrees at beta=0.5, and no further. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: aberration of light, apparent wind, sailing, velocity addition, special relativity. ----- 帆走艇の見かけの風と、星の光行差は、別々の話として教えられる。本稿が示すのは、低速では同じ一つの関数であり、分かれるのは速度の合成の規則が変わるところだけであることである。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──光行差も、見かけの風も、相対論的な速度の合成も標準的である。帆走の性能を論じない──揚力係数も抗力も極図も扱わない。角と速さの幾何だけを見る。光行差の全項を扱わない──年周光行差だけを見る。日周光行差、永年光行差、視差との分離には立ち入らない。エーテルの歴史を裁定しない──ブラッドリーが何を信じていたかではなく、彼の測定が届く精度だけを問題にする。媒質中の光を扱わない──フィゾーの実験や引きずり係数は別の主題である。「同じ現象」とは書かない──共有しているのは関数の形であって、風と光が同じものだとは言わない。既刊との関係:論文390 は速くなるほど風が強くなるので帆走艇が風より速く走れると示した──その式が光行差と同じであることは書かれていない。本稿がその辺を足す。論文328 は同じ楕円が三ヶ月ずれていたことが原因の違いの証拠になったと示し、そこで光行差を扱った──あちらは光行差と視差を分けた。本稿は光行差と見かけの風を繋ぐ。論文83 はガリレイの相対性原理だけから相対論が二つしかないと示した──本稿の分離子はその二つのどちらを選ぶかであり、beta=0.5 で 3.4349 度として現れる。論文300 は同根か別根かが判定できると示した──本稿は「恒等性を保つ対応」の基準で同根と判定する。論文481 は「法則が破れた」がどの仮定へも落とせると示した──光行差の測定が合わないとき、速度が違うのか合成の規則が違うのかは、beta が小さいうちは決まらない。加えたのは、二つの現象を同じ関数の別の引数として書いたこと、地球の公転速度から光行差定数を独立に組み立てて 20.492653 秒角を得たこと、ガリレイと相対論の差を beta ごとに測って beta=0.5 で 3.4349 度と出したこと、その差が地球の beta では 4.905x10^-13 ラジアンで測れないことを示したこと、分離子を速度の合成に置いたことである。 第一に、同じ式に艇速と風速の比 0.533333 を入れると、見かけの風は 61.9275 度になる──真の風 15 ノットが 17.000000 ノットに増える(第2節)。 第二に、同じ式に地球の beta=9.935118x10^-5 を入れると 20.492653 秒角が出る──独立に知られた光行差定数 20.49552 秒角と比 0.999860 で合う(第2節)。 第三に、同じ数を入れれば同じ角が出る──beta が艇速と風速の比であっても地球と光の速さの比であっても、関数は区別しない(第2節)。 第四に、これが本稿の芯である。二つの式が分かれるのは、速度の合成の規則が変わるところである──地球の beta ではガリレイと相対論の差は 4.905x10^-13 ラジアン(0.000000 秒角)で測れないが、beta=0.5 では 3.4349 度になる(第3節)。 第五に、ブラッドリーの観測は分離子に届いていない──beta が 10^-4 の桁である限り、どれだけ精密に測っても合成の規則は判定できない(第3節)。 第六に、分離子は速度の合成である──同じ関数の形のまま、ガリレイならそのまま、ローレンツなら gamma が入る(第4節)。 帆走艇の見かけの風と、星の光行差は、別々の話として教えられる。同じ一つの関数である──tantheta'=sintheta/(costheta+beta) に艇速と風速の比 0.533333 を入れると、見かけの風は 1.080839 ラジアン、61.9275 度で、真の風 15 ノットが 17.000000 ノットに増える。 arctan の式を使わず、真の風の速度から艇の速度を直に引いて角を測っても差は 0.00x10^0 で、独立な組み立てが一致する。同じ式に地球の公転から組み立てた beta=9.935118x10^-5 を入れると 20.492653 秒角が出て、独立に知られた光行差定数 20.49552 秒角と比 0.999860 で合う。同じ数を入れれば同じ角が 12 桁一致で返る。関数は、引数が艇速と風速の比なのか光速との比なのかを見ていない。分かれるのは速度の合成の規則である──theta=90 度でガリレイと相対論を比べると、地球の beta では差が 4.905x10^-13 ラジアン、秒角にして 0.000000 秒角で、測れない。 beta=0.5 では 5.995x10^-2 ラジアン、3.4349 度になり、beta=0.9 では 3.870x10^-1 ラジアンまで開く。差は beta の二次で入るので、beta を 10 倍すると差はおよそ 10^3 倍になる。だから光行差の測定をどれだけ精密にしても、合成の規則は判定できない。光行差の存在は一次で決まり、規則の違いは二次に隠れているからである。柵もある──帆の側では beta をいくら大きくしても gamma は入らない。 v/V が大きいことと v/c が大きいことは別だからで、風速の半分で走る艇は普通にある。関数が同じであることは、物理が同じであることを意味しない。同根と呼べるのも beta が小さい範囲の式についてであって、範囲を書かない同根判定は不完全である。分離子は速度の合成である──論文83 の言う二つの相対論のどちらを選ぶかがそれで、選択の差は beta=0.5 で 3.4349 度として現れる。論文481 の言い方でいえば、光行差が予想と合わないときの行き先は二つあるが、beta が 10^-4 の桁である限り、合成の規則は候補にならない。差が 10^-13 ラジアンだからである。論文390 が「速くなるほど風が強くなる」と書いた式と、論文328 が扱った光行差は、この一本の関数を共有している。正直に言えば──扱ったのは角と速さの幾何だけである。帆走の性能も、揚力も抗力も極図も扱っていない。光行差も年周のものだけを見ており、日周光行差、永年光行差、視差との分離には立ち入っていない。媒質中の光も、引きずり係数も別の主題である。エーテルをめぐる歴史も裁定していない。言えるのは、二つの現象が同じ関数の別の引数であり、分かれるのは速度の合成の規則が変わるところであって、その差は地球では 4.905x10^-13 ラジアン、beta=0.5 では 3.4349 度になる、そこまでである。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:光行差、見かけの風、帆走、速度の合成、特殊相対論。

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