Sep 2026· Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Abstract
Second public release. v0.1.0 wrote eight facts, one trigger each. This one writes a small world: one hundred facts about an invented character (Quail), learned from sentences that use them, and recalled by the real llama.cpp engine on sentences it never saw. What changed since v0.1.0 Usage-corpus descent. The variables are the 14,032 table rows read by the corpus; the loss is a language-model loss on the answers plus a KL term on everything else. The result is one 9 MB .pleo overlay. No weight is touched, and removing the file gives the base model back bit for bit. Numbers, real engine, free routing, 841 held-out test sentences: exact answer 0.841 with the overlay, 0.005 without. Second seed 0.873. Collateral damage on neutral text: mean KL 0.0131. Every figure in the README is recomputed from the file named next to it (scripts/check_readme_numbers.py, 39 checks). Three languages (English and Chinese preliminary, one seed each): 0.841 / 0.797 / 0.676. The ordering follows training mass per fact, not language. Row sharing, measured. Facts about the same subject share rows by content, not by hash collision; of the 37 failures lost to a sibling of the same subject, 21 went to the sibling with more training mass. Try it. A working one-command demo with token ids, and next to it a sentence that fails, on purpose. What this is, and what it is not. Token-addressed memory: zero context tokens, no retriever, one removable file. It is not general model editing and not a retrieval rival; the head-to-head against retrieval over the same corpus has not been run, and the README says so. Known weak spots, stated rather than hidden The composition probes (10 / 83) were evaluated with a 40-token budget that truncates every generation. The number is kept, flagged, and being re-measured. The v0.2.1 tag shipped a demo sentence that was one of the 134 failures. A reader found it; the fix and the reader's failing sentence are both in the README now. Open items are listed in docs/history.md: retrieval baseline, clean composition probes, a disjoint-row arm, LoRA and ROME/MEMIT comparisons. Thanks to the readers who read the code instead of the headline and reported what they found. Keep doing that. How this was built: code, experiments and write-up were produced in Claude Code sessions (Anthropic's Claude) driven by a single human operator who set the goals, approved every design step, ran the hardware and read every result.
Supporting data, adapters, predictions and code for the article *Low-Cost LoRA Fine-Tuning of Small Language Models for Multi-Step Arithmetic Reasoning* by Jake O'Grady, Asena Isik Gürhan, Chee Fong Ting and Effirul Ramlan (University of Galway). We generated 20,000 GSM8K-derived arithmetic problems with step-by-step s...
O'Grady, Jake, Gürhan, Asena Isik, Chee, Fong Ting et al.· Zenodo (CERN European Organi...· 465 citations
The results are packaged in the Greenfield Startup Model (GSM), which explains the priority of startups to release the product as quickly as possible, and the need to shorten time-to-market, by speeding up the development through low-precision engineering activities.
Carmine Giardino, Nicolò Paternoster, M. Unterkalmsteiner et al.· IEEE Transactions on Softwar...· 178 citations· ⚡14
Software startup companies develop innovative, software-intensive products within limited timeframes and with few resources, searching for sustainable and scalable business models.
M. Unterkalmsteiner, P. Abrahamsson, Xiaofeng Wang et al.· e-Informatica Software Engin...· 157 citations· ⚡17
This study conducts a case survey study based on the secondary data of the major pivots happened in 49 software startups, and demonstrates that customer need pivot is the most common among all pivot types.
Sohaib Shahid Bajwa, Xiaofeng Wang, Anh Nguyen-Duc et al.· Empirical Software Engineeri...· 127 citations· ⚡15
The comparison of adopter and non-adopter sample reveals three potential adoption inhibitor, security, data privacy, and portability, which underlines the importance of the technical and security perspectives for research investigating the adoption of technology.
Nattakarn Phaphoom, Xiaofeng Wang, S. Samuel et al.· Journal of Systems and Softw...· 111 citations· ⚡8
This study investigates how Lean internal startup facilitates software product innovation in large companies and identifies its enablers and inhibitors, and shows the potential of the method-in-action framework to investigate the Lean startup approach in non-startup context.
Henry Edison, Nina M. Smørsgård, Xiaofeng Wang et al.· Journal of Systems and Softw...· 78 citations· ⚡6
Related blog posts
Microsoft Research Blog· microsoft.comOct 12, 2026
StudentSim is a research system for evaluating and improving AI tutoring tools before they are tested with learners. It models how individuals may engage with tutors, giving feedback to improve tutor performance across subjects like chess, writing, and mathematics. The post Simulating student learning for better AI tutoring appeared first on Microsoft Research.