Fostering Sustainable Economic Transformation in BRICS Through Innovation and Knowledge Exchange
Abstract
Abstract This chapter examines how innovation and knowledge exchange can act as key enablers of sustainable economic transformation within BRICS economies – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Set against the backdrop of climate change, resource constraints and socio-economic inequalities, this chapter argues that sustainability-oriented growth in emerging economies requires a strategic integration of technological innovation, institutional support and cross-border knowledge sharing. Drawing on established theoretical frameworks such as the Triple Helix model, Open Innovation theory, sustainability-oriented innovation and knowledge management perspectives, this chapter provides a comprehensive conceptual foundation linking innovation processes with sustainable development goals. The analysis highlights the heterogeneous innovation trajectories of BRICS nations, shaped by differences in industrial structure, R&D intensity, institutional capacity and sectoral strengths. It reviews innovation performance across key domains – including manufacturing, digital technologies, clean energy, and agriculture – and demonstrates how national flagship initiatives and science, technology and innovation (STI) policies contribute to sustainability outcomes. This chapter further emphasises the catalytic role of knowledge sharing through formal mechanisms such as joint research programmes, policy coordination platforms, researcher mobility schemes and shared digital infrastructures, as well as informal channels that support the rapid diffusion of tacit knowledge. This chapter critically discusses persistent challenges, including funding asymmetries, regulatory fragmentation, infrastructure gaps and uneven absorptive capacities across BRICS countries. Building on empirical illustrations and comparative insights, it proposes strategic pathways focused on digital transformation, inclusive innovation ecosystems, harmonised policy frameworks and human capital development.