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Reversing an Iron Rod's Magnetization Spins It at a Rate Independent of Length, Halved When g Is 2 Instead of 1 ── the angular speed is 8 Mₛ mₑ/(g e ρ r²), inversely proportional to the square of the radius, and on a fibre of period 10 seconds one reversal swings the rod 0.900766 degrees for g equal to 1 and 0.450383 degrees for 2 ── the separator is whether the angular momentum is carried by orbital motion or by spin ── [Paper 1012]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Magnetic and Electromagnetic Effects

Abstract

Anything with a magnetic moment also carries angular momentum, so reversing a magnetization sets the body spinning with the difference (Einstein and de Haas 1915). This paper counts, for an iron cylinder, the angular speed gained in a reversal, the swing on a torsion fibre, and how small the rotational energy is. No new theorem or law is claimed, and no measured value of g is quoted. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──that the ratio of magnetic moment to angular momentum is g e/(2mₑ), the Einstein and de Haas effect (1915) and the Barnett effect, and the conservation of angular momentum are all known. No measured value of g is quoted──neither the 1915 measurement nor later ones are cited; only the numbers for g equal to 1 and to 2 are listed. The source of the energy is not discussed──where the rotational energy comes from, the field or the supply that makes it, is not entered; only the angular-momentum ledger and ratios of size are counted. Only an ideal rod is counted──a uniformly reversing cylinder, with no eddy currents, coercivity, demagnetizing field, temperature or friction in the fibre. No other fields are quoted──only the effective field corresponding to spinning is given, without comparison to the size of any other field. Relation to earlier papers: the scope note of Paper 522 said that it does not widen to magnetic moments and that cases where a field appears to do work on particles with internal degrees of freedom lie outside its frame; this paper is placed beside it and counts what fraction of the magnetic energy the rotational energy is when a reversal spins the rod (no earlier occupant). Paper 410 showed that the magnetic field does no work and still confines particles──here it is counted that reversing a magnetization spins a rod whose rotational energy is of order 10⁻¹³ of the magnetic energy. Paper 310 showed that conservation has two roots and that Noether’s theorem explains only one──here the conservation of angular momentum is used as a ledger, and the sum for the rod and the spins is counted to be 0. Paper 665 showed that the same iron behaves differently as a sphere and as a thin film, using a saturation magnetization of 1.710×10⁶ A/m──the same value is used here as the magnetization being reversed. What is added is counting that the angular speed gained is independent of length and falls as the square of the radius, confirming by integrating a reversal in time that the angular-momentum ledger closes, giving the ratio of rotational to magnetic energy, and listing the torsion swing and the effective field of spinning for both values of g. First, and this is the core. The angular speed gained does not depend on the rod’s length and falls as the square of the radius──for an iron rod of radius 1 mm it was 4.939003×10⁻³ rad/s for g equal to 2 and 9.878006×10⁻³ rad/s for 1, unchanged from 5 cm to 20 cm in length. Doubling the radius makes it a quarter (Section 2). Second, the angular-momentum ledger closes──integrating a reversal with a time constant of 1 millisecond gave the rod 4.938554596×10⁻³ rad/s, a relative difference of 1.725×10⁻¹³ from the formula, and the sum of the rod’s and the spins’ angular momenta was -1.055×10⁻²⁴ kg m²/s (Section 3). Third, the rotational energy is a tiny part of the magnetic energy──for a rod 10 cm long and 1 mm in radius the rotational energy is a fraction 1.045447×10⁻¹³ for g equal to 1 and 2.613617×10⁻¹⁴ for 2 of the magnetic energy, which is 0.577194 J (Section 4). Fourth, on a torsion fibre one reversal swings the rod by nearly a degree──with a period of 10 seconds the swing was 0.900766 degrees for g equal to 1 and 0.450383 degrees for 2, and with a period of 2 seconds 0.180153 and 0.090077 degrees. Accumulating 100 reversals at resonance gives 90.076614 degrees (Section 5). Fifth, conversely, spinning the rod acts like applying a field──3000 revolutions per minute correspond to an effective field of 3.572387×10⁻⁹ T for g equal to 1 and 1.786193×10⁻⁹ T for 2 (Section 6). Sixth, the separator is whether the angular momentum is carried by orbital motion or by spin──the ratio of angular momentum to magnetic moment is 2mₑ/(g e), so the rate of spinning, the swing and the effective field all differ by a factor of two between g equal to 1 and 2 (Section 7). Reversing an iron rod’s magnetization spins it at a rate independent of length, halved when g is 2 instead of 1. The angular speed falls as the square of the radius, and at radius 1 mm it is 4.939003×10⁻³ rad/s for g equal to 2 and twice that for 1. Reversing the magnetization in time keeps the ledger closed, with the rod and the spins summing to -1.055×10⁻²⁴ kg m²/s──the rotational energy is only of order 10⁻¹³ and 10⁻¹⁴ of the magnetic energy 0.577194 J. On a fibre of period 10 seconds one reversal swings the rod 0.900766 degrees for g equal to 1 and 0.450383 degrees for 2, and spinning at 3000 revolutions per minute acts like a field of 3.572387×10⁻⁹ T or 1.786193×10⁻⁹ T──every number follows from the single ratio 2mₑ/(g e). The separator is whether the angular momentum is carried by orbital motion or by spin. Placed among the earlier papers──Paper 522 counted three ways of doing no work and left magnetic moments aside, Paper 410 showed that the field does no work yet confines, Paper 310 showed the two roots of conservation, and Paper 665 used iron’s saturation magnetization. Here the spin rate and swing from reversing a magnetization were listed for both values of g. To be honest──no measured value of g is quoted, the source of the rotational energy is not discussed, and only an ideal rod without eddy currents or demagnetizing fields was counted. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: Einstein-de Haas effect, gyromagnetic ratio, conservation of angular momentum, saturation magnetization, torsion pendulum, Barnett effect. ----- 磁気モーメントを持つものは角運動量も持つので、磁化を反転させると、その差を受け取って物体が回る(アインシュタイン=ド・ハース 1915)。本稿は、鉄の円柱の棒について、反転で得る角速度と、ねじれ振り子の振れ角と、回転のエネルギーの小ささを数える。新しい定理も法則も主張せず、実験で測られた g の値は書かない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──磁気モーメントと角運動量の比が g e/(2mₑ) であること、アインシュタイン=ド・ハース効果(1915)とバーネット効果、角運動量の保存は、いずれも既知である。実験で測られた g の値を書かない──1915 年の測定の値も、のちの測定の値も引かない。 g が 1 のときと 2 のときの数を並べるだけである。エネルギーの出どころを論じない──回転のエネルギーがどこから来るか(磁場か、磁場を作る電源か)には立ち入らず、角運動量の帳簿と大きさの比だけを数える。理想の棒だけを数える──一様に反転する円柱で、渦電流、保磁力、反磁場、温度、糸のねじれの摩擦は入れない。ほかの磁場を引かない──回すことに当たる実効の磁場の値だけを出し、ほかの磁場の大きさとは比べない。既刊との関係:論文522 の射程注記は、磁気モーメントの話に広げず、内部自由度を持つ粒子で磁場が仕事をするように見える場合は枠の外だと書いた──本稿はその隣に置き、磁化の反転で棒が回るときの回転のエネルギーが磁化のエネルギーのどれだけかを数える(先客なし)。論文410 は、磁場が仕事をしないのに粒子を閉じ込めることを示した──ここでは、磁化を反転させると棒が回り、その回転のエネルギーが磁化のエネルギーの 10⁻¹³ の桁しかないことを数える。論文310 は、保存には二つの根があり、ネーターの定理が説明するのは片方だけだと示した──ここでは、角運動量の保存を帳簿として使い、棒とスピンの和が 0 になることを数える。論文665 は、同じ鉄でも球と薄膜で向きの持ち方が違うことを示し、飽和磁化 1.710×10⁶ A/m を使った──ここでは、同じ値を反転させる磁化として使う。加えたのは、反転で得る角速度が長さによらず半径の二乗に反比例することを数えたこと、磁化を時間で反転させて角運動量の帳簿が閉じることを確かめたこと、回転のエネルギーと磁化のエネルギーの比を出したこと、ねじれ振り子の振れ角と、回すことに当たる実効の磁場を g の二つの場合で並べたことである。 第一に、これが本稿の芯である。反転で得る角速度は棒の長さによらず、半径の二乗に反比例する──半径 1 mm の鉄の棒では、g が 2 なら 4.939003×10⁻³ rad/s、1 なら 9.878006×10⁻³ rad/s で、長さを 5 cm から 20 cm に変えても同じだった。半径を 2 倍にすると 4 分の 1 になる(第2節)。 第二に、角運動量の帳簿は閉じる──磁化を時定数 1 ミリ秒で反転させて積分すると、棒の角速度は 4.938554596×10⁻³ rad/s で式の値と相対差 1.725×10⁻¹³、棒とスピンの角運動量の和は -1.055×10⁻²⁴ kg m²/s だった(第3節)。 第三に、回転のエネルギーは、磁化のエネルギーのごく一部である──長さ 10 cm・半径 1 mm の棒で、回転のエネルギーは g が 1 で 1.045447×10⁻¹³、2 で 2.613617×10⁻¹⁴ の割合しかなく、磁化のエネルギーは 0.577194 J である(第4節)。 第四に、ねじれ振り子なら、一回の反転で 1 度近く振れる──周期 10 秒の糸では g が 1 で 0.900766 度、2 で 0.450383 度、周期 2 秒なら 0.180153 度と 0.090077 度だった。共振で 100 回ぶん積めば 90.076614 度になる(第5節)。 第五に、逆に回すことは、磁場をかけることと同じ向きの効きになる──毎分 3000 回転は、g が 1 なら 3.572387×10⁻⁹ T、2 なら 1.786193×10⁻⁹ T の磁場と同じ効きに当たる(第6節)。 第六に、分離子は、角運動量を運ぶのが軌道の運動か、スピンか──角運動量と磁気モーメントの比は 2mₑ/(g e) で、軌道だけを仮定した g が 1 のときと、スピンの g が 2 のときで、回る速さも振れ角も 2 倍ちがう(第7節)。 鉄の棒の磁化を反転すると棒は長さによらず回り、その速さは g が 1 か 2 かで 2 倍ちがう。角速度は半径の二乗に反比例し、半径 1 mm では g が 2 で 4.939003×10⁻³ rad/s、1 でその 2 倍だった。磁化を時間で反転させても角運動量の帳簿は閉じ、棒とスピンの和は -1.055×10⁻²⁴ kg m²/s である──回転のエネルギーは磁化のエネルギー 0.577194 J の 10⁻¹³ と 10⁻¹⁴ の桁しかない。周期 10 秒の糸に吊るせば一回の反転で 0.900766 度(g が 1)と 0.450383 度(2)振れ、逆に毎分 3000 回転で回すことは 3.572387×10⁻⁹ T と 1.786193×10⁻⁹ T の磁場と同じ効きになる──どの数も、角運動量と磁気モーメントの比 2mₑ/(g e) の一つで決まる。分離子は、角運動量を運ぶのが軌道の運動か、スピンかである。既刊との位置──論文522 は仕事をしない三つの形を数えて磁気モーメントの話に広げないとし、論文410 は磁場が仕事をしないのに閉じ込めることを、論文310 は保存の二つの根を、論文665 は鉄の飽和磁化を使った。ここでは、磁化の反転で棒が回る速さと振れ角を、g の二つの場合で並べた。正直に言えば──実験で測られた g の値は引かず、回転のエネルギーの出どころも論じておらず、渦電流や反磁場のない理想の棒だけを数えた。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:アインシュタイン=ド・ハース効果、磁気回転比、角運動量の保存、飽和磁化、ねじれ振り子、バーネット効果。

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