Fault Diagnosis of a Grid-Forming Hybrid Energy Storage Power Station Based on a Physics-Informed Heterogeneous Temporal Graph Neural Network Constrained by Virtual Synchronous Generator Control Equations

Abstract

Fault diagnosis in grid-connected grid-forming hybrid energy storage station (GFM-HESS) systems is challenging because fault transients are jointly affected by converter control dynamics, multi-source electrical couplings, operating-condition variations, and measurement noise. To address these characteristics, this paper proposes a virtual synchronous generator (VSG)-constrained physics-informed heterogeneous temporal graph neural network (VSG-PI-HTGNN) for multi-class fault diagnosis. Based on VSG control characteristics and electrical relationships, 18-dimensional node-level features and eight-dimensional global physical features are constructed from ten monitored signals. These signals are further represented as a heterogeneous graph with five node types and eight predefined relation types, while node-type-specific transformations, heterogeneous graph convolution, learnable relation-scaling factors, and a primary–auxiliary dual-output framework are integrated for feature learning. A MATLAB/Simulink electromagnetic transient model is established to generate 3200 samples covering normal operation and nine fault conditions. At a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 18 dB, the proposed model achieves 97.25% test accuracy and a macro-F1 score of 0.9727. Ablation results show that removing all physical information reduces the accuracy to 89.83%, while, under the unified experimental setting, the proposed model obtains higher values of the reported diagnostic metrics than the seven considered benchmark methods. Further evaluations show that the accuracy remains between 95.50% and 98.75% across SNR levels of 10–30 dB and reaches 95.38% with only 20% of the training data. Validation using an independently acquired hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) dataset further yields 92.75% accuracy and a macro-F1 score of 0.9282. Overall, these results indicate that the proposed method provides favorable diagnostic accuracy, noise robustness, data efficiency under limited-sample conditions, and simulation-to-HIL transferability under the evaluated conditions.