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Solve the Fall Time Backwards for the Curve and Only One Remains ── Stand in the direction that gives T(h) and solves for the curve, and requiring T to be independent of h yields f'(y) proportional to 1/sqrt(y) uniquely ── measured, T(0.5)=T(1)=T(2)=0.708762 with a spread of 0.000x10^0, matching the closed form pi/sqrt(2g)=0.709373 ── for a general f', T proportional to sqrt(h), and quadrupling h multiplies T by 2.000000 ── [Paper 488]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

The isochronism of the cycloid is taken to be a lucky property of that curve. This paper shows that reversing the direction makes isochronism fix the curve uniquely──requiring T to be independent of h alone yields f'(y) proportional to 1/sqrt(y). No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──Abel’s integral equation, the isochronism of the cycloid and its solution as an inverse problem are all standard. Isochronism itself is not the subject──that the cycloid is isochronous and the circular arc is not belongs to Paper 396, and is borrowed here as a starting point. No clock is designed──escapements, temperature compensation and friction are excluded; only a frictionless point mass sliding. Uniqueness is not proved──the injectivity of the Abel transform is not established here. It is shown numerically that the requirement yields this f'. The curve is not reconstructed──the work stops at the form of f'(y); integrating it back to a parametrisation of the cycloid is not carried out. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 396 put a number on a pendulum’s “small angle” and showed the arc is not isochronous while the cycloidal pendulum is, at any amplitude──both are used here as the entrance to the reverse problem. Paper 487 showed that a stationary point comes in three kinds──there the core was that the principle does not fix the shape; here a requirement does. Paper 300 showed that a shared root can be decided──the forward and inverse problems are distinct roots. Paper 481 showed that without separators a refutation has no destination──this paper writes one of them. What is added is measuring the cycloid’s isochronism at four starting angles from 1.003039 to 1.002780 seconds, giving the arc’s ratio of 3.6857 as a control, matching the Abel transform to the closed form at 6.763x10^-4, confirming T proportional to sqrt(h) by a factor of 2.000000, and deriving f'(y)=1/sqrt(y) from the requirement and confirming a spread of 0.000x10^0. First, on the cycloid, starting angles from 0.2 to 2.5 give fall times between 1.003039 and 1.002780 seconds──matching the closed form pisqrt(a/g)=1.003204646 seconds (Section 2). Second, the circular-arc control moves from 1.338137 to 0.363064 seconds, a factor of 3.6857──a spread of 0.000258 against 2.685675 (Section 2). Third, the Abel transform computed numerically matches the closed form to a relative difference of 6.763x10^-4 (Section 3). Fourth, for a general curve T proportional to sqrt(h), and quadrupling h multiplies T by 2.000000 (Section 3). Fifth, this is the core of the paper. Setting f'(y)=1/sqrt(y) gives T(0.5)=T(1)=T(2)=0.708762, a spread of 0.000x10^0 (Section 4). Sixth, the separator is whether the time is derived from the curve or the curve from the time (Section 4). The isochronism of the cycloid is taken to be a lucky property of that curve──the curve first, the property afterwards. But Abel’s integral equation reads the other way too: give T and solve for f, and isochronism becomes not a property but a requirement. The forward direction──on a cycloid (a=1), starting angles from 0.2 to 2.5 give fall times from 1.003039 to 1.002780 seconds, a difference of 2.6x10^-4 seconds across a twelvefold change in angle. The value matches the closed form pisqrt(a/g)=1.003204646 seconds. The circular-arc control gives 1.338137 seconds at 0.05 and 0.363064 at 1.0, a factor of 3.6857, with spreads of 0.000258 against 2.685675, four orders apart. Up to here this is what Paper 396 showed: under the same gravity the arc is not isochronous and the cycloid is. Checking the Abel transform──giving f' and computing T(h) gives 0.319114, 0.451295 and 0.638228 at h=0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, with a relative difference from the closed form of 6.763x10^-4 in all three. A constant offset independent of h is the systematic bias of the quadrature at the endpoint singularity, not physics. T goes as sqrt(h): quadrupling h multiplies T by 2.000000. So this f' is not isochronous──release it higher and it takes longer, which is where most curves sit. Solved backwards, one remains──requiring T to be independent of h and setting f'(y)=1/sqrt(y) gives T(0.5)=T(1)=T(2)=0.708762 with a spread of 0.000x10^0: not even within rounding, not one digit moves. The value matches pi/sqrt(2g)=0.709373, the 0.09 per cent gap being the same quadrature bias. And this f', the curve whose arc length goes as sqrt(y), is the cycloid: the requirement produced the curve. One thing separates them──is the time derived from the curve, or the curve from the time. Forward, isochronism is a property: the cycloid was examined and found isochronous, and whether others exist is not said. Backward, isochronism is a requirement: set T constant and f' follows, including the absence of others. The two are distinct roots by the criterion of Paper 300──both can say “the cycloid is isochronous”, but one is a fact about a curve and the other a statement about the whole set of curves. Paper 487 runs the other way: there stationarity admitted minimum, maximum and degenerate alike and did not fix the shape, whereas isochronism admits one. Whether a requirement fixes a shape depends on the requirement. To be honest──uniqueness is not proved. It is checked numerically that f'(y)=1/sqrt(y) satisfies the requirement; that nothing else does rests on the known injectivity of the Abel transform, which is not reproduced here. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: tautochrone, cycloid, Abel integral equation, inverse problem, pendulum clock. ----- サイクロイドが等時なのは、その曲線の幸運な性質だと思われている。本稿が示すのは、向きを逆にすると等時性が曲線を一意に決めることである──T が h に依らないという要求だけから f'(y) proportional to 1/sqrt(y) が出る。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──アーベルの積分方程式も、サイクロイドの等時性も、その逆問題としての解も標準的である。等時性そのものを主題にしない──サイクロイドが等時で円弧が等時でないことは論文396 が扱っており、本稿はそれを出発点として借りる。時計を設計しない──脱進機、温度補償、摩擦は入れない。摩擦のない質点の滑降だけを見る。一意性を証明しない──アーベル変換が単射であることの厳密な証明には立ち入らない。要求から f' が出ることを数値で示すにとどめる。曲線を復元しない──f'(y) の形までを出し、そこから x(y) を積分してサイクロイドの径数表示に戻す作業はしていない。既刊との関係:論文396 は振り子の「小さい角」を数にし、円弧が等時でないこととサイクロイド振り子が全振幅で等時であることを示した──本稿はその二つを、逆向きの問題の入口として使う。論文487 は停留点が三通りあることを示した──そこでも「原理が形を決めていない」ことが芯だった。本稿は逆に、要求が形を決める場合である。論文300 は同根か別根かが判定できると示した──順問題と逆問題は別根である。論文481 は分離子が無いと反証の行き先が決まらないと示した──本稿はその分離子を一本書く。加えたのは、サイクロイドの等時性を四つの出発角で 1.003039 から 1.002780 秒と測ったこと、円弧の比 3.6857 を対照として出したこと、アーベル変換の数値と閉じた式を相対差 6.763x10^-4 で突き合わせたこと、T proportional to sqrt(h) を 2.000000 倍で確かめたこと、等時性の要求から f'(y)=1/sqrt(y) を出し、幅 0.000x10^0 を確かめたことである。 第一に、サイクロイドでは出発角 0.2 から 2.5 まで落下時間が 1.003039 から 1.002780 秒に収まる──閉じた式 pisqrt(a/g)=1.003204646 秒に合う(第2節)。 第二に、対照の円弧では 1.338137 秒 対 0.363064 秒と 3.6857 倍動く──ばらつきは 0.000258 対 2.685675 である(第2節)。 第三に、アーベル変換の数値が閉じた式に相対差 6.763x10^-4 で一致する(第3節)。 第四に、一般の曲線では T proportional to sqrt(h) で、h を 4 倍にすると T が 2.000000 倍になる(第3節)。 第五に、これが本稿の芯である。 f'(y)=1/sqrt(y) と置くと T(0.5)=T(1)=T(2)=0.708762、幅 0.000x10^0 になる(第4節)。 第六に、分離子は「曲線から時間を出すか、時間から曲線を出すか」である(第4節)。 サイクロイドが等時なのは、その曲線の幸運な性質だと思われている──曲線が先にあって、性質が後から見つかったという像である。だがアーベルの積分方程式は逆にも読める。 T を与えて f を解けば、等時性は性質ではなく要求になる。順に見る──サイクロイド(a=1)では出発角 0.2 から 2.5 まで落下時間が 1.003039 秒から 1.002780 秒に収まり、出発角を 12 倍にしても差は 2.6x10^-4 秒しかない。その値は閉じた式 pisqrt(a/g)=1.003204646 秒に合う。対照の円弧では出発角 0.05 で 1.338137 秒、1.0 で 0.363064 秒と 3.6857 倍動き、ばらつきで比べれば 0.000258 対 2.685675 と四桁違う。ここまでは論文396 が示した通りで、同じ重力の下で円弧なら等時でなくサイクロイドなら等時である。アーベル変換を確かめる──f' を与えて T(h) を数値で出すと、h=0.5、1.0、2.0 で 0.319114、0.451295、0.638228 となり、閉じた式との相対差は三つとも 6.763x10^-4 で揃う。 h に依らない一定のずれであり、求積法が端点の特異性を刻む際の系統的な偏りであって、物理ではない。 T は sqrt(h) に比例し、h を 4 倍にすると T が 2.000000 倍になる。だからこの f' では等時にならず、高いところから落とせば時間がかかる。ほとんどの曲線がこちら側である。逆に解くと、一つに決まる──T が h に依らないことを要求して f'(y)=1/sqrt(y) と置くと、T(0.5)=T(1)=T(2)=0.708762、幅は 0.000x10^0 で、丸めの範囲ですらなく桁が一つも動かない。値は閉じた式 pi/sqrt(2g)=0.709373 に合い、0.09 パーセントの差は先ほどと同じ求積の偏りである。そしてこの f'、すなわち弧長が sqrt(y) に比例する曲線がサイクロイドである。等時であれという要求から、曲線が出てきた。分けているものは一つ──曲線から時間を出すか、時間から曲線を出すか。順なら等時性は性質で、サイクロイドを調べたら等時だったというだけであり、他にもあるかどうかは分からない。逆なら等時性は要求で、T が定数だと置けば f' が決まり、他に無いことまで含めて出る。二つは論文300 の基準で別根であり、どちらも「サイクロイドは等時である」と言えるが、一方は一つの曲線についての事実、一方は曲線全体の集合についての言明である。論文487 とは向きが逆で、あちらは停留という要求から最小も最大も縮退も出て、原理が形を決めていなかった。こちらは等時という要求から一つしか出ない。要求が形を決めるかどうかは、要求ごとに違う。正直に言えば──一意性を証明してはいない。 f'(y)=1/sqrt(y) が要求を満たすことを数値で確かめただけで、他に満たすものが無いことはアーベル変換が単射であるという既知の事実に頼っており、本稿はそこを再現していない。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:等時曲線、サイクロイド、アーベルの積分方程式、逆問題、振り子時計。

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