This study presents three advanced machine learning models: the evolutionary Gaussian process inference model, the artificial satellite search algorithm–moment balance machine (ASSA-MBM), and the Operation Rain Forest (ORF), which are designed to predict the maximum reinforcement load in geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures. These models were developed to enhance both predictive accuracy and model interpretability by incorporating state-of-the-art optimization algorithms and explainable machine learning frameworks. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted using 10-fold cross-validation, and the proposed models were benchmarked against previously developed AI models from literature, as well as traditional and semiempirical approaches such as Rankine, Coulomb, and
K
-stiffness. Among the proposed models, ASSA-MBM consistently achieved the best performance, recording the lowest testing root mean squared error (0.617), the highest correlation coefficient (
R
=
0.918
), and the highest reference index (
RI
=
0.951
). Additionally, the ORF model offers transparency by generating mathematical regression equations, which are crucial in geotechnical engineering.
Min-Yuan Cheng, Akhmad F. K. Khitam, Jia-Wang Liou
· Journal of computing in civi... · 0 citations
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Mst. Niger Sultana, K. Kabir
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DRL is highlighted as a promising data-driven strategy for robust and adaptive control of nonlinear structural systems under partial observability by addressing a critical limitation of passive systems and accelerates the decay of residual vibrations.
Takehiko Asai
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