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An Achromat Meets at Two Wavelengths Only ── A single lens shifts focus by 1.558361 mm with colour (1.5584 per cent of its focal length) ── Two glasses cut that to 0.044604 mm, a factor of 34.9374, but not to zero ── The cause of the residue can be named by one number: the difference in partial dispersion ── [Paper 377]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Advanced optical system design

Abstract

An achromatic lens is called a lens with the chromatic aberration removed. This paper asks how far it is removed──the answer is at two wavelengths only, with a third colour remaining. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed──the Abbe number, the achromatic condition, and the secondary spectrum are all standard. We do not build lens design──apochromat design and the selection of anomalous-dispersion glasses are not entered. They are named and no more. Other aberrations are not treated──spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism are not the subject. The computation is thin-lens and paraxial. We measure no glass──Abbe numbers and partial dispersions are taken as representative figures from the literature. They are not the values of particular products. Manufacture is not treated──cementing and tolerances are not the subject. Diffraction is not treated──comparison with the diffraction limit is not the subject. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 370 showed a single anti-reflection layer cancelling at one wavelength only──there one layer for one wavelength; here two glasses for two. The same counting. Paper 363 showed a bat to have three sweet spots──there too the number of conditions matched the number of points. Paper 300 showed whether two things share a root is decidable──by that test, first-order and second-order dispersion have distinct roots. Paper 368 showed algebraically equal forms returning different digits──there too the residue’s cause could be named by one number. What is added is giving the single-lens shift as a number, solving the achromatic condition for the two focal lengths, confirming the combined focal length returns, showing the secondary spectrum falling by 34.9374 without reaching zero, and putting the separator on first against second order. First, a single lens shifts focus with colour by the focal length divided by the Abbe number, 1.558361 mm (Section 2). Second, the achromatic condition gives f_1=43.322425 mm and f_2=-76.436624 mm (Section 3). Third, the second element must be negative, that is, diverging (Section 3). Fourth, this is the core of the paper. Even with two glasses, 0.044604 mm remains (Section 4). Fifth, the improvement is 34.9374-fold, and the residue’s cause is named by one number: the difference in partial dispersion (Section 4). Sixth, the separator is first-order against second-order dispersion, not the number of elements (Section 5). An achromatic lens is called a lens with the chromatic aberration removed──but what is removed is as many wavelengths as conditions were imposed. A single lens shifts focus with colour by the focal length divided by the Abbe number──1.558361 mm at f=100 mm and V=64.17, 1.5584 per cent of the focal length. Blue and red focus 1.5 mm apart on a 100 mm lens, a clear coloured fringe in a photograph. Since the shift is f/V it grows with focal length, which is why telescopes met the problem first. Two equations fix two focal lengths──f_1=43.322425 mm and f_2=-76.436624 mm. The second must be negative ── without a diverging element the colour does not cancel. The first is therefore shorter than the target 100 mm, bending extra to survive it. The combination gives 0.0100000000 and the achromatic residual is exactly 0. And still a third colour remains──the secondary spectrum from the difference in partial dispersion is 0.044604 mm, a fall by 34.9374 that does not reach zero. And its cause is named by one number: set the partial-dispersion difference P_1-P_2=0.0124 to zero and the secondary spectrum is exactly zero. So it is not that two elements are not enough ── what is missing is a pair of glasses whose partial dispersions agree. The same shape as Paper 370──there a single layer demanded a material of the ideal index, and here achromatism demands a matched pair. Both reduce to whether a material meeting the condition exists. One thing separates them──whether the first-order (Abbe) or the second-order (partial dispersion) difference has been cancelled; not the number of elements. Add elements and the residue survives if the partial dispersions differ, so how far it can be removed is settled on the side of the available glass. Anomalous-dispersion glasses move it, at the price of cost and workability. To be said honestly──0.044604 mm and 34.9374 hold for the stated Abbe numbers and partial dispersions, thin-lens and paraxial. This paper does not treat anomalous-dispersion glasses and computes the ordinary two-glass case. One last thing──one may say “removed” only for as many wavelengths as conditions were imposed. Impose two equations and two wavelengths meet, with no guarantee whatever for a third colour. To count what has been removed, count how many conditions were imposed. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. ----- 色消しレンズは「色収差を消したレンズ」と呼ばれる。本稿が問うのはどこまで消えるかである──答えは二つの波長でだけであり、三色目は残る。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──アッベ数・色消し条件・二次スペクトルはすべて既知である。光学設計を作らない──アポクロマートの設計法や、異常分散ガラスの選定には立ち入らない。名前を挙げるにとどめる。他の収差を扱わない──球面収差・コマ・非点収差は主題ではない。薄肉レンズの近軸近似で計算する。ガラスを測らない──アッベ数と部分分散は文献の目安を用いる。特定の製品の値ではない。製造を扱わない──接合や公差は主題ではない。回折を扱わない──回折限界との比較は主題ではない。既刊との関係:論文370 は一層の反射防止膜が一つの波長でしか消せないことを示した──そこでは一層で一波長、ここでは二枚で二波長。同じ数え方である。論文363 は「芯」が三つあることを示した──そこでも条件の数と点の数が対応していた。論文300 は同根か別根かが判定できることを示した──一次の分散と二次の分散は、その基準で別根である。論文368 は代数的に等しい式が別の桁を返すことを示した──そこでも残った量の原因を一つの数で名指しできた。加えたのは、単レンズのずれを数に出したこと、色消し条件から二枚の焦点距離を解いたこと、合成焦点距離が戻ることを確かめたこと、二次スペクトルが 34.9374 分の 1 に減るが 0 にならないことを示したこと、分離子を「一次か二次か」に置いたことである。 第一に、単レンズの色による焦点のずれは、焦点距離をアッベ数で割った 1.558361 mm である(第2節)。 第二に、色消しの条件から f_1=43.322425 mm、f_2=-76.436624 mm が出る(第3節)。 第三に、二枚目は負のレンズ、すなわち発散レンズでなければならない(第3節)。 第四に、これが本稿の芯である。二枚で消しても 0.044604 mm が残る(第4節)。 第五に、改善は 34.9374 倍だが、残った量の原因は部分分散の差という一つの数で名指しできる(第4節)。 第六に、分離子は「一次の分散か、二次の分散か」であって、枚数ではない(第5節)。 色消しレンズは「色収差を消したレンズ」と呼ばれる──だが消えるのは、課した条件の数だけの波長である。単レンズの色による焦点のずれは、焦点距離をアッベ数で割った量である──f=100 mm・V=64.17 で 1.558361 mm、焦点距離の 1.5584 パーセント。100 mm のレンズで青と赤の焦点が 1.5 mm ずれ、写真では明瞭な色の縁になる。ずれは f/V なので望遠ほど絶対量が大きく、歴史的に望遠鏡で先に問題になったのはこのためである。二式を課すと、二枚の焦点距離が決まる──f_1=43.322425 mm と f_2=-76.436624 mm。二枚目が負、すなわち発散レンズでなければ色が消えない。そのぶん一枚目は目標の 100 mm より短く、余分に曲げてある。合成すると 0.0100000000、色消し条件の残差は厳密に 0 で、式が閉じている。それでも三色目は残る──部分分散の差から出る二次スペクトルが 0.044604 mm、単レンズの 34.9374 分の 1 に減るが 0 にはならない。そして残った量の原因は一つの数で名指しできる──部分分散の差 P_1-P_2=0.0124 を 0 にすると、二次スペクトルは厳密に 0 になる。つまり「二枚では足りない」のではなく、足りないのは部分分散が一致するガラスの組である。論文370 と同じ形である──そこでは一層膜が理想の屈折率をもつ材料を要求し、ここでは色消しが部分分散の一致する組を要求する。どちらも、条件を満たす材料が存在するかという問題に帰着する。分けているものは一つ──アッベ数の差(一次)を打ち消したか、部分分散の差(二次)を打ち消したかであって、レンズの枚数ではない。枚数を増やしても部分分散が違えば残るので、どこまで消せるかを決めているのは使えるガラスの側である。異常分散ガラスを使えば動かせるが、高価で加工も難しい。正直に言えば──0.044604 mm も 34.9374 も、明示したアッベ数と部分分散、薄肉近軸の上での値である。本稿は異常分散ガラスを扱っておらず、計算したのは普通の二枚組の場合である。最後に一つ──「消した」と言えるのは、課した条件の数だけである。二式を課せば二波長で合い、三色目には何の保証も無い。何を消したかを数えるには、いくつ条件を課したかを数えればよい。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。

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