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"Free-Space Loss" Is Not a Loss: The Vacuum Absorbs Nothing ── 92.4478 dB at 1 km and 1 GHz; doubling the distance and doubling the frequency both add the same 6.0206 dB ── the frequency term comes not from space but from the receiving antenna, whose effective area scales as lambda^2 ── at 10 GHz that area is exactly 1/100 ── [Paper 384]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

Radio waves are said to suffer a “loss” as the distance grows. This paper asks what is being lost──and the answer is that nothing is lost; what looks like loss is a fact about the receiver. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──the Friis transmission formula, free-space loss and effective aperture are all known. No electromagnetism is built──the theory of radiation resistance and directivity is not entered; it is only named. The atmosphere is not treated──rain attenuation, water-vapour absorption and the ionosphere are not the subject. Only propagation in vacuum is computed. No antenna is designed──the gain--area relation for aperture antennas is used, but no design method is given. Noise is not treated──receiver noise and G/T are not the subject. Multipath is not treated──reflection, diffraction and scattering are not the subject. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 356 showed that a current can flow and do no work──there too the word “loss” named two things. Paper 343 showed that the size of the hole does not enter the stress concentration──here the frequency does not enter space. Paper 300 showed that same-root and different-root can be decided──absorption by a medium and geometric dilution are different-root by that criterion. Paper 379 showed that the scale decides the ratio──here the reference antenna decides the “loss”. What is added is putting a number on the loss under six conditions, showing that distance and frequency give exactly the same 6.0206 dB, confirming through an area ratio that the frequency term comes from the lambda^2 of the effective aperture, obtaining 205.1575 dB for a geostationary link, and placing the separator at “medium or receiving surface”. First, free-space loss at 1 km and 1 GHz is 92.4478 dB (Section 2). Second, doubling the distance adds 6.0206 dB, which is 20log_102 (Section 2). Third, and this is the core of the paper. Doubling the frequency adds exactly the same 6.0206 dB (Section 2). Fourth, yet the vacuum absorbs nothing at any frequency, and the radiated power density does not depend on frequency at all (Section 3). Fifth, the frequency term comes from the effective area of an isotropic antenna, lambda^2/(4pi); at 10 GHz it is exactly 1/100 of its value at 1 GHz (Section 3). Sixth, the separator is “does the medium absorb, or is the receiving surface small”, and both are written in the same dB (Section 5). radio waves are said to suffer a “loss” as the distance grows──yet the vacuum absorbs nothing. Distance and frequency enter the formula in the same shape──L_dB=20log_10d+20log_10f+20log_10(4pi/c), giving 92.4478 dB at 1 km and 1 GHz, which agrees with the standard value. Doubling the distance adds 6.0206 dB, and doubling the frequency adds exactly the same 6.0206 dB, to the last decimal. 6.0206 is 20log_102; not a coincidence, but because the two carry the same coefficient in the formula. On the frequency side, however, there is no reason on the vacuum’s part──the vacuum is transparent at every frequency, and the power density arriving at a given place does not depend on frequency. The frequency term comes from the effective area of an isotropic antenna, lambda^2/(4pi). That area is 7.152066x10^-3 m^2 at 1 GHz and 7.152066x10^-5 m^2 at 10 GHz──exactly 1/100, and -10log_10(0.01)=20 dB matches the frequency term of Computation 2.1 exactly. The origin is the receiving antenna, not space. The frequency term can therefore be removed──use an antenna of fixed aperture, such as a dish, and the higher frequency becomes the advantage instead. What manufactures the f^2 is the convention of taking an isotropic antenna as the reference. As in Paper 379, where the scale decided the ratio, a convention on the measuring side makes the number. The distance term, by contrast, is genuine dilution──the wave spreads over a sphere, hence 1/d^2, and it does not vanish when the receiver is changed. Even so no energy is gone: integrate over the whole sphere and the transmitted power is still there. One thing does the separating──did the energy become heat, did it spread, or is the catching surface small. Only the frequency term is a term in which nothing happens on the wave’s side, and yet it is written in the same dB and added into the same formula. The test is whether it vanishes when the receiver is changed, and a term that vanishes is not a property of the medium. By the criterion of Paper 300 all three are different-root: absorption is set by the medium, dilution by geometry, the frequency term by the reference antenna. To be honest──both 92.4478 dB and 205.1575 dB are referred to isotropic antennas, and a real link adds the gains. What does not move is only the fact that the vacuum absorbs nothing. One last thing──the word “loss” does not say what was lost. The same dB lines up what became heat, what spread out, and what was not caught. That quantities can be added does not make them the same kind. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. ----- 電波は距離が伸びると「損失」を受ける、と説明される。本稿が問うのは何が失われているのかである──答えは何も失われておらず、失われたように見えるのは受信側の都合である。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──フリスの伝達公式・自由空間損失・実効面積はすべて既知である。電磁気学を作らない──アンテナの放射抵抗や指向性の理論には立ち入らない。名前を挙げるにとどめる。大気を扱わない──降雨減衰・水蒸気吸収・電離層は主題ではない。真空中の伝搬だけを計算する。アンテナを設計しない──開口面アンテナの利得と面積の関係は使うが、設計法は与えない。雑音を扱わない──受信機雑音や G/T は主題ではない。多重路を扱わない──反射・回折・散乱は主題ではない。既刊との関係:論文356 は電流が流れていても仕事をしないことを示した──そこでも「損失」という語が二つを指していた。論文343 は穴の大きさが応力集中に入らないことを示した──ここでは周波数が空間には入らない。論文300 は同根か別根かが判定できることを示した──媒質による吸収と幾何による希薄化は、その基準で別根である。論文379 は目盛が比を決めることを示した──ここでは基準アンテナが「損失」を決める。加えたのは、六つの条件で損失を数に出したこと、距離と周波数がまったく同じ 6.0206 dB を与えることを示したこと、周波数の項が実効面積の lambda^2 から出ることを面積の比で確かめたこと、静止衛星の 205.1575 dB を出したこと、分離子を「媒質か受信面か」に置いたことである。 第一に、自由空間損失は 1 km・1 GHz で 92.4478 dB である(第2節)。 第二に、距離を二倍にすると 6.0206 dB 増える。これは 20log_102 である(第2節)。 第三に、これが本稿の芯である。周波数を二倍にしても、まったく同じ 6.0206 dB 増える(第2節)。 第四に、だが真空は周波数によらず何も吸収しない。放射の電力密度は周波数に依存しない(第3節)。 第五に、周波数の項は、等方性アンテナの実効面積が lambda^2/(4pi) であることから出る。10 GHz では 100 分の 1 になる(第3節)。 第六に、分離子は「媒質が吸うか、受信面が小さいか」であって、どちらも同じ dB で書ける(第5節)。 電波は距離が伸びると「損失」を受ける、と説明される──だが真空は何も吸収していない。式には距離と周波数が同じ形で入っている──L_dB=20log_10d+20log_10f+20log_10(4pi/c) で、1 km・1 GHz なら 92.4478 dB(通説と一致する)。距離を二倍にすると 6.0206 dB 増え、周波数を二倍にしても、小数点以下までまったく同じ 6.0206 dB 増える。6.0206 は 20log_102 で、偶然ではなく、式の中で両者が同じ係数をもつからである。だが、周波数のほうには真空の側に理由が無い──真空はどの周波数でも透明で、同じ場所に届いている電力密度は周波数によらない。周波数の項は、等方性アンテナの実効面積が lambda^2/(4pi) であることから出ている。1 GHz で 7.152066x10^-3 m^2、10 GHz で 7.152066x10^-5 m^2──ちょうど 100 分の 1 で、-10log_10(0.01)=20 dB は計算 2.1 の周波数の項と厳密に一致する。出所は空間ではなく、受信アンテナである。だから周波数の項は消せる──開口面積が一定のアンテナ(パラボラなど)を使えばよく、そのとき高い周波数のほうがむしろ有利になる。 f^2 を生んでいるのは、等方性アンテナを基準に取ったという約束である。論文379 で目盛が比を決めたのと同じ形で、測る側の約束が数を作っている。一方、距離の項は本当の希薄化である──球面に広がるので 1/d^2 であり、受信機を変えても消えない。ただしエネルギーは消えておらず、全球面で積分すれば送信電力がそのまま残っている。分けているものは一つ──エネルギーが熱になったか、広がったか、受け止める面が小さいか。周波数の項だけが「電波の側には何の変化も起きていない」項でありながら、同じ dB で書かれ、同じ式に足される。判定は受信機を変えて消えるかどうかで、消える項は媒質の性質ではない。論文300 の基準で三つとも別根であって、吸収は媒質が、希薄化は幾何が、周波数の項は基準アンテナが決める。正直に言えば──92.4478 dB も 205.1575 dB も等方性アンテナを基準にした値であり、実際のリンクでは利得を足す。動かないのは、真空が何も吸収しないという事実だけである。最後に一つ──「損失」という語は、何が失われたかを言っていない。同じ dB が、熱になった分と、広がった分と、受け止め損ねた分を並べている。足し算ができることは、同じ種類であることを意味しない。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。

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