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One and the Same log_2 Counts a Ratio in One Law and Items in the Other ── Fitts's Law Stays at 4.3219 When D and W Are Scaled Together ── Hick's Law Turns 32 Times the Choices into Only 2.7333 Times the Time ── [Paper 345]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

Fitts’s law and Hick’s law both say that time goes as log_2. This paper asks whether they are saying the same thing──the answer is that what is inside the log_2 differs: a dimensionless ratio in one, a count in the other. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed──Fitts’s law, Hick’s law, and Shannon’s definition of information are all standard. We do not build psychology──the mechanisms of motor control and the internal processes of decision are not entered. They are mentioned and no more. We do not adjudicate the information-theoretic reading──whether either law measures “information” is disputed, and this paper does not enter that dispute. Only the form of the formulas is looked at. We predict no constants──the a and b of Hick’s law are set here to 0.2 and 0.15 seconds as an illustration, not as measurements. Only the shape of the ratio is claimed. We perform no experiment──no subjects and no apparatus; only the algebraic properties of the formulas. We give no design guidance──how to make an interface usable is not the subject. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 316 showed the same integer returning from three different counts──there different routes reached one answer. Here one symbol, log_2, covers two different things being counted. A pair running the other way. Paper 296 showed the hierarchy of languages set by the type of memory and not its amount──there too the separator was “amount or type”. Here it is “ratio or count”. Paper 306 showed how many “base” units there are to be a promise──Hick’s side has no unit and Fitts’s has one that cancels. The presence or absence of a unit is itself what divides them. Paper 300 showed whether two things share a root is decidable──the two laws have distinct roots by that test. What is added is exhibiting pairs that return the same ID to show scale invariance in numbers, confirming that moving D or W alone shifts ID by exactly +/-1, giving the time ratios for 32-fold and 128-fold choices, and putting the separator on a dimensionless ratio against a count. First, Fitts’s ID=log_2(2D/W) does not move when D and W are scaled together (Section 2). Second, this is the core of the paper. Because what is inside the log_2 is dimensionless, neither the units nor the size of the screen enters (Section 3). Third, Hick’s log_2(n+1) has no unit to move in the first place (Section 3). Fourth, so 32 times the choices gives only 2.7333 times the time (Section 4). Fifth, doubling D alone raises ID by exactly 1; doubling W alone lowers it by exactly 1 (Section 2). Sixth, the separator is a dimensionless ratio against a count (Section 5). Fitts’s law and Hick’s law both say that time goes as log_2 and both are explained as “information”──but what is inside the log_2 differs: 2D/W against n+1, a ratio of two lengths against a count of things. Fitts’s content is dimensionless──a length divided by a length, so the same in millimetres, in inches or in pixels. Hence D=100,W=10 and D=1000,W=100 give the same 4.3219 though the distances differ tenfold. Doubling D or halving W both give 5.3219, so the formula does not distinguish going further from aiming smaller. Double D alone and ID rises by exactly 1; double W alone and it falls by exactly 1. Hick’s n+1 could not have carried a unit──a count is dimensionless too, but for a different reason: in Fitts the unit cancelled in a division, and in Hick there was never one. So Fitts admits infinitely many pairs giving one ID, and Hick admits no other arrangement giving one time. And the logarithm acts gently on both──32 times the choices gives 2.7333 times the time, 128 times gives 3.5762. The price of a longer menu is smaller than one expects. Though this factor depends on setting a=0.2 and b=0.15: with a=0, thirty-two times gives 5.0444. What does not move is the shape, that time grows only logarithmically. All three criteria of Paper 300 point to distinct roots──no correspondence can be drawn between a ratio and a count, no quantity is shared, and scaling D and W together leaves only one of them unmoved. One thing separates them──whether what sits inside the log_2 is a ratio of two quantities or a count of things. And what divides practice is whether other arrangements give the same value──with Fitts one may enlarge the target or bring it closer; with Hick there is nothing to do but reduce the choices. Further, 2D/W moves continuously while a number of choices cannot be 3.7 — inside the same log_2, the domains differ. To be said honestly──whether either law measures “information” is disputed, and this paper does not enter that dispute. What is claimed is that even granting both are information, the things counted are different, and that holds however the dispute is settled. One last thing──the symbol log_2 was making the two look like one thing. The same function appears because each handles a quantity that grows by a fixed amount when doubled. Sharing that property and measuring the same thing are different matters. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. ----- フィッツの法則もヒックの法則も、時間が log_2 に比例すると言う。本稿が問うのは、その二つは同じことを言っているのかである──答は、log_2 の中身が別で、片方は無次元の比、もう片方は個数である。新しい数学定理も新しい法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい数学定理も新しい法則も主張しない──フィッツの法則、ヒックの法則、シャノンの情報量の定義はいずれも標準的である。心理学を作らない──運動制御の機構や意思決定の内部過程には立ち入らない。触れるにとどめる。情報理論の解釈を裁定しない──両法則が「情報量」を測っているという解釈には争いがあり、本稿はその論争に入らない。式の形だけを見る。定数を予言しない──ヒックの a と b は本稿で 0.2 秒と 0.15 秒と置いた例示の値であり、測定値ではない。比の形だけが本稿の主張である。実験をしない──被験者も装置も持たない。式の代数的な性質だけを扱う。設計指針を出さない──使いやすい画面の作り方は主題にしない。既刊との関係:論文316 は同じ整数を三つの別の数え方が返すと示した──そこでは異なる数え方が同じ答に着いた。本稿では同じ記号 log_2 の下で、数えているものが別である。向きが逆の対である。論文296 は言語の階層を決めているのが記憶の量ではなく型だと示した──そこでも「量か型か」が分離子だった。本稿では「比か個数か」である。論文306 は「基本」単位の個数が約束だと示した──ヒックの側には単位が無く、フィッツの側には単位があって消える。単位の有無そのものが両者を分けている。論文300 は同根か別根かは判定できると示した──二法則は、判定に掛ければ別根である。加えたのは同じ ID を返す二組を明示して尺度不変性を数で示したこと、D と W の一方だけを動かすと ID がちょうど +/-1 動くことを確かめたこと、選択肢を 32 倍・128 倍にしたときの時間比を出したこと、分離子を「無次元の比か、数え上げか」に置いたことである。 第一に、フィッツの ID=log_2(2D/W) は、D と W を同じ倍率にしても動かない(第2節)。 第二に、これが本稿の芯である。 log_2 の中身が無次元だから、単位も画面の大きさも答に入らない(第3節)。 第三に、ヒックの log_2(n+1) には、そもそも動かせる単位が無い(第3節)。 第四に、だから選択肢を 32 倍にしても、時間は 2.7333 倍にしかならない(第4節)。 第五に、D だけを 2 倍にすると ID はちょうど 1 増え、W だけを 2 倍にするとちょうど 1 減る(第2節)。 第六に、分離子は「無次元の比か、数え上げか」である(第5節)。 フィッツの法則もヒックの法則も時間が log_2 に比例すると言い、どちらも「情報量」と説明される──だが log_2 の中身が違う。フィッツは 2D/W、ヒックは n+1 で、片方は二つの長さの比、もう片方は個数である。フィッツの中身は無次元である──長さを長さで割っているので、ミリでもインチでも画素でも同じ数になる。だから D=100,W=10 と D=1000,W=100 が、距離が 10 倍ちがうのに同じ 4.3219 になる。 D を 2 倍にしても W を半分にしても同じ 5.3219 になり、式は遠くすることと的を小さくすることを区別しない。 D だけを 2 倍にすれば ID はちょうど 1 増え、W だけを 2 倍にすればちょうど 1 減る。ヒックの n+1 は、そもそも単位を持ちようがない──個数は無次元だが、無次元になった理由が違う。フィッツは割り算で単位が消え、ヒックにははじめから単位が無い。だからフィッツでは同じ ID を作る組が無限にあり、ヒックでは同じ時間を作る別の組が存在しない。そして log の効き方はどちらも緩い──選択肢を 32 倍にしても時間は 2.7333 倍、128 倍にしても 3.5762 倍にしかならない。メニューを長くする代償は、思ったより小さい。ただしこの倍率は a=0.2、b=0.15 という置き方に依存しており、a=0 なら 32 倍で 5.0444 倍になる。動かないのは「時間が log でしか増えない」という形のほうである。論文300 の三基準はどれも別根を指す──比と個数の間に対応が引けず、同じ量も現れず、D と W を同倍率にすると片方だけが不変になる。分けるものは一つ──log_2 の中身が、二つの量の比なのか、ものの個数なのか。そして実務を分けるのは、同じ値を作る別の組があるかどうかである──フィッツでは的を大きくするか近づけるかを選べ、ヒックでは選択肢を減らす以外に手が無い。さらに 2D/W は連続に動かせるが、選択肢の数は 3.7 個にはできない──同じ log_2 の中で定義域が別である。正直に書いておく──両法則が「情報量を測っている」という解釈には争いがあり、本稿はその論争に入らない。本稿が言うのは、仮に両方が情報量だとしても数えている対象が別だということであり、解釈の当否とは独立に成り立つ。最後に一つ──log_2 という記号が、二つを同じものに見せていた。同じ関数が現れるのは、どちらも「倍にすると一定量だけ増える」量だからである。その性質を共有していることと、同じものを測っていることは、別である。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。

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