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Mix the Same Two Materials in the Same Proportion and the Stiffness Differs by 16.93 ── Only the Direction Decides ── And the Ratio of Bound to Bound Has a Closed Form, Exactly Symmetric in v_f and 1-v_f, Maximal at v_f=0.5 with the Value (1)/(2)+(1)/(4)(E_f/E_m+E_m/E_f)=16.932376 ── [Paper 342]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Mechanical Behavior of Composites

Abstract

Mix carbon fibre and epoxy half and half. This paper asks what the stiffness of that composite is──the answer is that it is not one number but a range of 16.932376. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed──the Voigt (parallel, iso-strain) and Reuss (series, iso-stress) averages, the rule of mixtures, and the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds are all standard. We do not build mechanics of materials──the fibre-matrix interface, debonding, and residual stress are not entered. They are mentioned and no more. We do not treat strength──only stiffness (Young’s modulus) is treated; fracture strength and fatigue are not the subject. Strength belongs to Paper 344. We claim no optimality for the bounds──Voigt and Reuss are loose bounds; for an isotropic two-phase material the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds are narrower. The two loose ones are what is treated here. We design no laminate──classical laminate theory and weave patterns are not entered. We do not treat anisotropy in general──only the longitudinal and transverse directions of a unidirectional material. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 326 showed the square-cube “law” to be an identity and not a law──the ratio here is likewise not something measured but something that follows from algebra. The same move, performed on materials. Paper 330 showed the squaring of the condition number to be an identity──there too what was taken for “it usually comes out this way” followed from a definition. Paper 344 shows strength to be a function of volume and not a constant of the material──this paper says stiffness is not one number, and 344 says the same of strength. They make a pair. Paper 300 showed whether two things share a root is decidable──parallel and series have distinct roots by that test. What is added is deriving the closed form and showing the symmetry and the maximum algebraically, noting that the two materials enter only through one symmetric combination, confirming as a counter-case that E_f=E_m gives a ratio of 1 for every v_f, and putting the separator on what is shared. First, at v_f=0.5 the parallel bound is 116.7500 GPa and the series bound 6.8951 GPa (Section 2). Second, this is the core of the paper. The ratio of the bounds has a closed form and is exactly symmetric in v_f and 1-v_f (Section 3). Third, the ratio is v_f^2+(1-v_f)^2+v_f(1-v_f)(E_f/E_m+E_m/E_f) (Section 3). Fourth, it is maximal at v_f=0.5 with the value (1)/(2)+(1)/(4)(E_f/E_m+E_m/E_f)=16.932376 (Section 3). Fifth, the two materials enter only through the single symmetric combination E_f/E_m+E_m/E_f. Which one is called the fibre does not move the ratio (Section 4). Sixth, the separator is whether strain is shared or stress is (Section 5). Mix carbon fibre and epoxy half and half, ask what the Young’s modulus is, and there is no single answer──along the fibres 116.7500 GPa, across them 6.8951, a factor of 16.9324. The same panel, the same composition, the same volume fraction, and only the direction of the load changed. And that ratio has a closed form──with a=E_f, b=E_m, u=v_f, R(u)=u^2+(1-u)^2+u(1-u)(a/b+b/a), expanded and collected with no approximation. All three terms are invariant under u<-> 1-u, so R(u)=R(1-u) holds exactly. The agreement at v_f=0.4 and 0.6 was therefore no accident: they are equal to eight decimals, 16.29508075. A symmetric quadratic has its maximum in the middle──at u=1/2, R_max=(1)/(2)+(1)/(4)(a/b+b/a)=16.932376. The number read off the table came out of the algebra. As with the square-cube law in Paper 326, this is not a number obtained by measuring materials but one that follows from the definitions of two averages. And the two materials enter only through the single symmetric combination a/b+b/a──swapping a and b leaves it unchanged, so which one is called the fibre does not move the ratio at all. With E_f=E_m the formula collapses to (u+(1-u))^2=1: mix a material with itself and direction cannot matter. For large a/b, R_maxapprox a/(4b), so the range is a quarter of the stiffness ratio. One thing separates them──whether the two phases share strain or share stress. The separator is not on the side of the material──so “the Young’s modulus of this material” is an incomplete question: without a direction the answer swings by 16.932376, and a word omissible for isotropic materials cannot be omitted here. To be said honestly──Voigt and Reuss are loose bounds, and for an isotropic two-phase material the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds are narrower. The 16.932376 is the range spanned by two simple averages, not the range achievable by direction; measured values fall inside it without reaching either end. One last thing──the upper bound 116.7500 is about half the fibre’s own 230, which looks natural for a half-and-half mixture. But the lower bound 6.8951 is not even twice the matrix’s own 3.5. Placed in series the fibre barely works — the same quantity of carbon fibre is very nearly wasted, according to direction. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. ----- 炭素繊維とエポキシを半分ずつ混ぜる。本稿が問うのは、その複合材の剛性はいくつかである──答は、一つに決まらず、16.932376 倍の幅があるである。新しい数学定理も新しい法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい数学定理も新しい法則も主張しない──ボイト(並列・等ひずみ)とロイス(直列・等応力)の平均、複合則、ハシン=シュトリクマン境界はいずれも標準的である。材料力学を作らない──繊維と母材の界面、剥離、残留応力には立ち入らない。触れるにとどめる。強度を扱わない──本稿が扱うのは剛性(ヤング率)だけで、破壊強度や疲労は主題にしない。強度は論文344 の射程である。境界の最適性を主張しない──ボイトとロイスは緩い境界であり、等方な二相材ではハシン=シュトリクマン境界のほうが狭い。本稿は緩いほうの二つを扱う。積層板を設計しない──古典積層理論や織り方には入らない。異方性の一般論を扱わない──一方向材の縦と横だけを見る。既刊との関係:論文326 は二乗三乗の「法則」が法則ではなく恒等式だと示した──本稿の比も、実験で測るものではなく代数から出る恒等式である。同じ動作を材料の側で行う。論文330 は条件数の二乗が恒等式だと示した──そこでも「たいていこうなる」と思われていたものが定義から出ていた。論文344 は強度が体積の関数であって材料の定数ではないと示す──本稿は剛性の側で「一つの数に決まらない」を言い、344 は強度の側で言う。対をなす。論文300 は同根か別根かは判定できると示した──並列と直列は、判定に掛ければ別根である。加えたのは比の閉じた式を導いて対称性と最大値を代数で示したこと、二材料が一つの対称な組合せでしか入らないことを指摘したこと、E_f=E_m で比が全 v_f で 1 になることを反例として確かめたこと、分離子を「何が共通か」に置いたことである。 第一に、v_f=0.5 で、並列は 116.7500 GPa、直列は 6.8951 GPa である(第2節)。 第二に、これが本稿の芯である。上限と下限の比には閉じた式があり、v_f と 1-v_f で厳密に対称である(第3節)。 第三に、比は v_f^2+(1-v_f)^2+v_f(1-v_f)(E_f/E_m+E_m/E_f) である(第3節)。 第四に、v_f=0.5 で最大となり、値は (1)/(2)+(1)/(4)(E_f/E_m+E_m/E_f)=16.932376 である(第3節)。 第五に、二材料は E_f/E_m+E_m/E_f という一つの対称な組合せでしか入らない。どちらを繊維と呼ぶかは、比を動かさない(第4節)。 第六に、分離子は「ひずみが共通か、応力が共通か」である(第5節)。 炭素繊維とエポキシを半分ずつ混ぜて「ヤング率はいくつか」と問うと、答が一つに決まらない──繊維に平行なら 116.7500 GPa、垂直なら 6.8951 GPa で、16.9324 倍ひらく。同じ板、同じ組成、同じ体積分率であり、変わっているのは引く向きだけである。そしてこの比には閉じた式がある──a=E_f、b=E_m、u=v_f と置くと R(u)=u^2+(1-u)^2+u(1-u)(a/b+b/a) であり、展開して整理しただけで近似は入っていない。右辺の三項はすべて u<-> 1-u で不変なので、R(u)=R(1-u) が厳密に成り立つ。だから v_f=0.4 と 0.6 が一致したのは偶然ではなく、小数第八位まで 16.29508075 で同じである。対称な二次関数だから、最大は真ん中にある──u=1/2 で R_max=(1)/(2)+(1)/(4)(a/b+b/a)=16.932376。表から読んだ 16.9324 が、代数から出た。論文326 が二乗三乗の法則について書いたのと同じで、これは材料を測って得た数ではなく、二つの平均の定義から出る数である。そして二材料は、a/b+b/a という一つの対称な組合せでしか式に入らない──a と b を入れ替えてもこの組合せは変わらないので、どちらを「繊維」と呼びどちらを「母材」と呼ぶかは、比を一切動かさない。 E_f=E_m なら R(u)=(u+(1-u))^2=1 となり、同じ材料を混ぜれば向きは効かない。 a/b が大きいときは R_maxapprox a/(4b) で、幅は剛性比の四分の一で決まる。分けるものは一つ──二相の間で共通になっているのが、ひずみか、応力か。分離子は材料の側にはない──だから「この材料のヤング率」は、向きを言わなければ問いとして不完全である。等方な材料では省略できた語が、ここでは省略できない。正直に書いておく──ボイトとロイスは緩い境界であり、等方な二相材料ならハシン=シュトリクマン境界のほうが狭い。16.932376 倍は「向きで実現できる幅」ではなく「二つの単純な平均がひらく幅」であって、実測はこの中に収まるが両端には届かない。最後に一つ──上限の 116.7500 は繊維だけの 230 の半分ほどで、半分混ぜたのだから当然に見える。ところが下限の 6.8951 は、母材だけの 3.5 の二倍にも満たない。直列に並べると繊維がほとんど働かない──同じ量の炭素繊維が、向き次第でほぼ無駄になる。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。

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