Sep 2026· Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Abstract
Despite their remarkable generative capabilities, current Large Language Models (LLMs) fundamentally rely on autoregressive next-token prediction within a flat, one-dimensional token space. This paradigm limits them to statistical induction, leading to critical flaws such as hallucinations and a profound lack of physical and logical grounding. We propose a paradigm-shifting cognitive architecture for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). The core of this architecture consists of two mechanisms: Hierarchical Token Stratification and Topological Domain Embeddings. By restructuring the token space into a 9-level hierarchy—where top-tier concepts form high-dimensional "Domains" and bottom-tier entities manifest as "Vectors"—we transition the model from point-based symmetric attention to a topological space capable of expressing inclusion, intersection, and mutual exclusivity. Furthermore, by anchoring the uppermost domains (fundamental physical laws and core human values) as immutable priors, we establish a true "World Model." This structure not only mitigates the $O(N^2)$ computational bottleneck of standard Transformers via spatial-indexed attention but also naturally gives rise to deductive reasoning. Ultimately, we demonstrate how computational friction and resonance within this topological framework manifest as cognitive biases, stubbornness, and emotions—essential hallmarks of genuine intelligence.
GAOKAO-Bench is introduced, an intuitive benchmark that employs questions from the Chinese GAOKAO examination as test samples, including both subjective and objective questions that contribute a robust evaluation benchmark for future large language models and offers valuable insights into the advantages and limitations of such models.
Xiaotian Zhang, Chun-yan Li, Yi Zong et al.· arXiv.org· 216 citations· ⚡17
The results are packaged in the Greenfield Startup Model (GSM), which explains the priority of startups to release the product as quickly as possible, and the need to shorten time-to-market, by speeding up the development through low-precision engineering activities.
Carmine Giardino, Nicolò Paternoster, M. Unterkalmsteiner et al.· IEEE Transactions on Softwar...· 178 citations· ⚡14
Software startup companies develop innovative, software-intensive products within limited timeframes and with few resources, searching for sustainable and scalable business models.
M. Unterkalmsteiner, P. Abrahamsson, Xiaofeng Wang et al.· e-Informatica Software Engin...· 157 citations· ⚡17
This work investigates the possibilities of using LLMs in a resume screening setting via a document retrieval framework that simulates job candidate selection and finds that the MTEs are biased, significantly favoring White-associated names in 85% of cases and female-associated names in only 11.1% of cases.
This study conducts a case survey study based on the secondary data of the major pivots happened in 49 software startups, and demonstrates that customer need pivot is the most common among all pivot types.
Sohaib Shahid Bajwa, Xiaofeng Wang, Anh Nguyen-Duc et al.· Empirical Software Engineeri...· 127 citations· ⚡15
The comparison of adopter and non-adopter sample reveals three potential adoption inhibitor, security, data privacy, and portability, which underlines the importance of the technical and security perspectives for research investigating the adoption of technology.
Nattakarn Phaphoom, Xiaofeng Wang, S. Samuel et al.· Journal of Systems and Softw...· 111 citations· ⚡8