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Brechas en el uso de tecnologías digitales. Un marco conceptual multidimensional de veintidós brechas digitales encadenadas en la era de la inteligencia algorítmica

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

Resumen La noción de brecha digital nació para describir una diferencia binaria de acceso físico a computadoras e internet. La investigación posterior la reformuló como una desigualdad estratificada en niveles (acceso, habilidades y usos, resultados), pero la difusión de la inteligencia algorítmica, es decir, de los sistemas de recomendación, los modelos generativos y los agentes que hoy median la experiencia digital cotidiana, introduce dimensiones que esa arquitectura no captura por completo: la calidad del lenguaje con que se instruye a un sistema, el criterio para juzgar un texto fluido pero potencialmente falso, la atención necesaria para verificarlo y la posibilidad de delegar tareas completas hasta erosionar la capacidad propia. Este artículo, de carácter conceptual, propone un marco multidimensional de veintidós brechas digitales encadenadas, organizado en seis dimensiones (condiciones materiales, prácticas en el dispositivo, cuerpo y mediación, capacidades y disposiciones de uso, interacción con la inteligencia algorítmica y resultados) y articulado por cinco principios: multiplicidad no sustituible, dependencia secuencial, desplazamiento, condiciones transversales y primacía de la capacidad humana. El artículo justifica el estatus epistemológico del marco frente a las alternativas de taxonomía, modelo explicativo y teoría; formula un criterio de individuación de las brechas basado en la no sustituibilidad de las intervenciones; formaliza las relaciones de dependencia entre ellas; propone una regla diagnóstica centrada en la brecha abierta más baja y enuncia la hipótesis de nivelación superficial y amplificación de fondo para explicar los efectos desiguales de la inteligencia algorítmica. El marco se contrasta con la literatura sobre niveles de la brecha digital, apropiación tecnológica, alfabetización en inteligencia artificial y descarga cognitiva, y se discuten sus implicancias para la educación, la ciudadanía digital, las políticas públicas y el diseño tecnológico, junto con sus limitaciones y una agenda de validación empírica. Abstract The notion of the digital divide originated as a binary description of physical access to computers and the internet. Subsequent research reframed it as a stratified inequality organized in levels (access, skills and uses, outcomes), yet the diffusion of algorithmic intelligence, that is, of the recommender systems, generative models and agents that now mediate everyday digital experience, introduces dimensions that this architecture does not fully capture: the quality of the language used to instruct a system, the judgment required to assess fluent but potentially false text, the sustained attention needed to verify it, and the possibility of delegating entire tasks to the point of eroding one's own capacity. This conceptual article proposes a multidimensional framework of twenty-two chained digital gaps, organized into six dimensions (material conditions, device practices, body and mediation, capacities and dispositions of use, interaction with algorithmic intelligence, and outcomes) and articulated by five principles: non-substitutable multiplicity, sequential dependency, displacement, transversal conditions, and the primacy of human capacity. The article justifies the epistemological status of the framework against the alternatives of taxonomy, explanatory model, and theory; formulates a criterion for individuating gaps based on the non-substitutability of interventions; formalizes the dependency relations among the gaps; proposes a diagnostic rule based on the lowest open gap; and states the hypothesis of surface leveling and depth amplification to account for the unequal effects of algorithmic intelligence. The framework is contrasted with the literature on digital divide levels, technology appropriation, AI literacy, and cognitive offloading, and its implications for education, digital citizenship, public policy, and technology design are discussed, together with its limitations and an agenda for empirical validation.

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