Artificial Intelligence in Smart Photovoltaic Systems for High-Efficiency Energy Conversion: A Systematic Review
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming photovoltaic (PV) systems from passive generators into self-forecasting, self-diagnosing, and self-optimizing energy assets. This review synthesizes 170 Scopus-indexed documents published between 2020 and 2026 across six technical domains: solar resource and PV power forecasting; intelligent monitoring, fault diagnosis, and cybersecurity; AI-driven control and design optimization; smart grid integration and real-time energy management; AI-assisted PV materials, devices, and manufacturing; and cross-sectoral smart PV applications. Quantitative synthesis shows that hybrid deep learning forecasters reduce root mean square error by 31.9–43.9% relative to persistence and single-model baselines. Attention-based architectures achieve mean absolute percentage errors of up to 5%. Machine learning classifiers achieve fault detection accuracies of 92.3–99.4% with protection response times below 100 ms, enabling predictive maintenance at the fleet scale. Reinforcement learning energy management lowers electricity costs by 20–55%, reduces peak demand by 13–31.5%, and raises PV self-sufficiency from 71.5% to 89.7%. AI-optimized thermal and material interventions deliver efficiency gains of up to 22.2%, and indoor perovskite devices exceed 40% conversion efficiency. Reported performance metrics are derived from heterogeneous datasets, horizons, and baselines; they are therefore synthesized as indicative ranges rather than directly comparable benchmarks. Persistent barriers include data scarcity, model opacity, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, edge deployment constraints, and energy justice concerns. These barriers are mapped to research directions in explainable AI, federated and transfer learning, digital twins, and blockchain-enabled energy markets. A roadmap to 2040 consolidates the findings and charts the transition toward high-efficiency, resilient, and sustainable solar energy conversion.
