Antecedents, Decisions, and Outcomes for ICT Governance Adoption in the African Public Sector: A Systematic Review Based on McClelland Theory and ADO Framework
It is concluded that ICT governance reforms in the African public sector must strike a balance among authority, cooperation, and governance performance to create value for society.
Abstract
ICT governance is becoming indispensable for the planning and delivery of public sector services as more digital platforms are utilised in these processes. This research presents an overview and interpretation of the ICT governance adoption process in Africa’s public sector organisations using McClelland’s Need Theory. This systematic review used the SPAR-4-SLR methodology and the ADO framework. A collection of scholarly articles and grey literature on ICT governance between 2010 and 2025 was obtained through searches of the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Based on the results, it is apparent that ICT governance adoption in Africa is institutionally uneven and cannot be explained solely by technological models. While factors such as governance systems, regulations, and alignment contribute to institutional adoption of governance, relational factors such as stable leadership, cooperation, accountability, and trust seem to carry more weight. From the review, it becomes clear that, in some instances, governance structures are used symbolically to demonstrate adherence and legitimacy without operational integration within the institutions. This study concludes that ICT governance reforms in the African public sector must strike a balance among authority, cooperation, and governance performance to create value for society.
The adoption of e-Government projects by African governments is increasing, but despite their implementation, high rates of failure and abandonment persist, resulting in significant financial losses and few improvements in the provision of public services. One significant challenge is that such failures are mostly associated with technical/infrastructural factors, which means that other underlying factors in the process of ICT projects’ failure and success remain underexplored, including the interaction between ICT governance and environmental factors. This research focuses on the interaction between ICT governance and the environment and its effects on ICT projects. Using the PRISMA model, the literature review identified 42 of 90 articles and employed thematic analysis for theme categorisation. The findings identify four interdependent dimensions of failure: contextual pressures, structural governance weaknesses, rigid process mechanisms, and relational misalignment. These factors interact in a sequential cascade of Context > Structure > Process > Relational, whereby institutional conditions reconfigure governance into a compliance-based model, resulting in reduced flexibility and coordination. This research builds an ICT governance failure model with multiple dimensions and defines the concept of a Governance–Reality Gap. The results show that achieving better ICT project performance requires the concurrent consideration of ICT governance structures and institutional environments.
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