Securing Blockchain Based Food Supply Chain Traceability: An IT Audit and Risk Management Perspective on Dynamic Trust-Weighted Oracle Consensus (DTW-OC) Framework
Aug 2026· Journal of Intelligent Decision Making and Information Science· 0 citations· 47 references
TL;DR
This study examines the technological, financial, and regulatory obstacles of blockchain-based food traceability and proposes a new architecture called the Dynamic Trust-Weighted Oracle Consensus (DTW-OC) framework, which introduces a reputation-weighted, cross-validated oracle layer that scores every IoT sensor and human data source in real time and feeds that score into block-validator selection.
Abstract
Food supply chains continue to be susceptible to fraud, contamination incidents, and unclear provenance records, which erode consumer confidence and significantly harm the world economy each year. Because blockchain technology provides immutable, shareable, cryptographically verified ledgers among people who distrust each other, it is frequently suggested as a solution. The oracle problem, however, is inherited by the majority of deployed systems: a ledger ensures that recorded data is not altered, but it does not ensure that the data was accurate when it was entered. In addition to reviewing the opportunities it presents for food safety and sustainability reporting, this study examines the technological, financial, and regulatory obstacles of blockchain-based food traceability and proposes a new architecture called the Dynamic Trust-Weighted Oracle Consensus (DTW-OC) framework. We present the architecture, the scoring algorithm, a comparison against Proof-of-Work, Proof-of-Stake, and PBFT, an example dairy cold-chain scenario, and a research agenda for standardisation and interoperability. DTW-OC introduces a reputation-weighted, cross-validated oracle layer that scores every IoT sensor and human data source in real time and feeds that score into block-validator selection, so a source's influence on the ledger is proportionate to its demonstrated reliability.
IoT and blockchain represent complementary digital solutions capable of transforming food quality assurance and supply chain accountability that demonstrate that IoT‐enabled sensors provide real‐time monitoring of critical factors such as temperature, humidity, storage, and transportation conditions and blockchain offers secure, transparent, and immutable recording of supply chain transactions.
S. Sriranjani, S. Adeyeye· Food Biomacromolecules· 0 citations
Food supply chains face increasing challenges related to transparency, traceability, and data integrity. This study proposes a blockchain-based traceability framework integrating the
InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)
, Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, and a hybrid GM-PBFT consensus mechanism to ensure secure and efficient data sharing across stakeholders. The proposed system combines on-chain and off-chain storage to reduce blockchain overhead while preserving data immutability. A MobileNetV1-based model is incorporated for product quality assessment. Experimental evaluation using Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum test networks demonstrates improved performance, achieving 99.3% traceability accuracy, 37% faster recall response, and reduced data tampering risk. The results confirm that the proposed approach enhances transparency, scalability, and trust in agri-food supply chains. The proposed system utilizes a hybrid blockchain architecture, combining
Hyperledger Fabric (permissioned blockchain)
for secure enterprise-level transactions and
Ethereum Layer-2 network
for scalability and smart contract execution.
Ensuring transparency, security, and privacy in agricultural food supply chains is critical for maintaining consumer trust, regulatory compliance, and data integrity. Traditional centralized traceability systems suffer from several limitations, including data tampering risks, single-point failures, and potential privacy leakage. To address these challenges, this research proposes a privacy-preserving blockchain-based traceability framework that integrates the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) with Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs). The framework leverages the Ethereum blockchain for immutable record-keeping, while zk-SNARK-based proofs enable compliance verification without revealing sensitive underlying data. A prototype was implemented using Solidity smart contracts and Python-based zk-SNARK circuits. Experimental evaluation across varying record sizes, from 50 to 200, demonstrates high security and efficiency, achieving 100% success in detecting simulated tampering attempts. Performance metrics indicate a highly scalable system with an average end-to-end latency of approximately 0.33 seconds, rapid proof generation times of approximately 0.0002 seconds, and near-constant verification times averaging 0.027 seconds. Furthermore, the system maintains a consistent simulated transaction cost of 20.40$ per proof, regardless of the total records processed. Overall, the proposed approach provides a robust, scalable, and computationally efficient solution for modern agri- food supply chains, successfully balancing data confidentiality with rigorous cryptographic integrity.
Priya Patel, Nitesh M. Sureja· International Research Journ...· 0 citations
It is argued that blockchain automates a narrow and historically labor-intensive slice of the audit, namely the verification of the existence, occurrence, and mathematical accuracy of recorded transactions, while leaving untouched the components of assurance that depend on professional judgment.
Gaduga Godwin· International Journal of inn...· 0 citations
The rapid expansion of e-commerce has intensified the proliferation of counterfeit cosmetics, posing serious risks to consumer health and brand integrity, particularly in emerging markets such as Vietnam. While blockchain-based traceability has been studied extensively, existing solutions rarely integrate dual-layer verification, privacy-preserving mechanisms, and hybrid off-chain storage into a cohesive, experimentally validated prototype. This paper proposes VeriGlow, a blockchain-based decentralized application (DApp) that delivers transparent, tamper-proof, and user-verifiable traceability for cosmetic products throughout the supply chain. The system integrates: (1) Ethereum smart contracts written in Solidity ^0.8.0 with structured functions including createProduct, transferOwnership, and getProductJourney for immutable lifecycle management; (2) a hybrid IPFS-on-chain storage model using Pinata-hosted Content Identifiers (CIDs) to synchronize off-chain media assets with on-chain metadata, significantly reducing gas consumption; (3) a dual verification mechanism combining dynamic QR codes with physical Batch IDs to prevent QR cloning and relay attacks; and (4) a privacy-preserving historySnapshot mechanism that selectively conceals intermediate ownership records from public view while retaining full on-chain auditability. A functional prototype was developed using Solidity, Web3.js, and MetaMask and validated against six test scenarios on the Ethereum Sepolia testnet and Ganache local network. Experimental results demonstrate product creation gas costs in the range of 245,000–310,000 gas units (approximately 0.0014–0.0018 ETH), ownership transfer costs of 58,000–72,000 gas units (approximately 0.0008 ETH), and zero-cost read operations, comparing favorably with prior Ethereum-based traceability systems. Transaction confirmation times averaged 5–7 seconds for creation and 3–5 seconds for transfers on the local network. All six test scenarios passed with 100% success rate across ten repeated executions. These findings validate VeriGlow as a technically feasible and practically applicable solution for combating counterfeit cosmetics in e-commerce environments and offer a replicable framework for blockchain-based traceability in similar high-risk consumer sectors.
Tri Thien Dinh, Hohyeorn Han, P. Nguyen· JOURNAL OF APPLIED INFORMATI...· 0 citations
Global supply chains face problems such as poor transparency, unequal access to information, counterfeit products, and weak coordination among stakeholders. These issues reduce efficiency and consumer trust. Blockchain technology, originally developed for cryptocurrencies, has emerged as a disruptive framework for enhancing transparency, trust, and efficiency in supply chain systems. This study examines blockchain's role as a transformative architecture for achieving end-to-end visibility and operational integrity across global supply chains. Through a structured review of literature and comparative case analyses, this research evaluates how decentralized ledgers, smart contracts, and the convergence of Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) address persistent challenges such as record inconsistency, counterfeiting, and limited stakeholder coordination. Key findings indicate that blockchain ensures provenance tracking, automates workflows, and establishes shared accountability, with significant applications in food safety, pharmaceutical logistics, and luxury goods authentication. Furthermore, the integration of IoT devices and AI algorithms amplifies blockchain's capacity for real-time monitoring and predictive decision-making. Despite challenges of scalability, energy costs, and regulatory uncertainty, this study contributes a conceptual framework that positions blockchain as a scalable, integrable, and privacy-preserving trust infrastructure for global supply networks.
Rishabh Bajpai, Shreya Yadav, Khadim Moin Siddiqui· International Journal of Web...· 0 citations
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