2025· Progressive Agriculture· Vol 25, pp. 141-149· 0 citations
TL;DR
By introducing desirable traits into an existing genome while maintaining the plant’s genetic integrity, plant genetic engineering is an effective method for enhancing plants and remains to be seen whether the advantages of reduced chemical use and improved nutritional aspects lead to a world with food security that is environmentally sustainable.
Abstract
By introducing desirable traits into an existing genome while maintaining the plant’s genetic integrity, plant genetic engineering is an effective method for enhancing plants. The introduction of valuable genes encoding traits like disease/insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, enhanced nutritional/medical/commercial properties, improved uptake and utilization of growth agents, and many more traits has been accomplished through the genetic modification of a wide variety of plant species. For reasons discussed later in this chapter, the public’s perception of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is currently negative. However, it remains to be seen whether the advantages of reduced chemical use and improved nutritional aspects lead to a world with food security that is environmentally sustainable. Genetic engineering is especially important because grape is very heterozygous and standard breeding methods fail to produce true-to-type offspring. Grapes are also a commodity driven by consumers, and novel varieties, particularly wine cultivars, have little market acceptance. In order to produce indigenous genotypes with novel characteristics, technological breakthroughs like gene transfer must be utilized because vegetative propagation leaves little room for development.
Direct plant genetic transformation is an important tool in plant biotechnology, allowing the introduction of genetic material into plant cells without the use of intermediate organisms, such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Among the main techniques used are biolistics, electroporation, and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation, widely applied in plant breeding and genetic engineering studies. These methodologies enable the development of plants with desirable agronomic characteristics, including resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to abiotic stresses, and nutritional improvements. In recent years, the integration of genetic transformation techniques with modern gene editing tools, especially the CRISPR/Cas9 system, has significantly expanded the applications of plant biotechnology, allowing precise modifications to the plant genome. Furthermore, new approaches involving nanotechnology and ribonucleoprotein delivery are contributing to increased efficiency in genetic transformation and reduced random integration of exogenous DNA. Despite technological advancements, challenges related to cell regeneration, genetic stability, biosafety, and regulation still limit the widespread use of these technologies. In this context, this review addresses the fundamentals, techniques, biotechnological applications, advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of direct genetic transformation of plants, highlighting its importance for the sustainable development of agriculture and plant biotechnology.
H. Souza, Maria Fátima Pires Silva Machado· Agronomy Science and Biotech...· 0 citations
Solanaceous crops like tomato, brinjal, chilli and potato are vital for global food security. Traditional breeding methods face limitations, including being time-consuming, labour-intensive, and constrained by limited genetic diversity. In vitro and marker-assisted breeding techniques offer solutions to overcome these challenges. In vitro breeding includes embryo rescue, which helps in interspecific hybridization, and anther and microspore culture, which accelerates the production of homozygous plants. Protoplast fusion allows combining genetic material from incompatible species, while in vitro mutagenesis creates genetic variations through induced mutations. These techniques enable the use of wild relatives as sources of desirable traits, especially disease resistance. Marker-assisted breeding uses DNA markers linked to specific traits, enabling precise selection without the influence of environmental factors. Advances in genomics, particularly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have enhanced marker-assisted selection, improving resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, yield potential, and nutritional qualities. Specifically, in vitro techniques combined with marker-assisted breeding have shown synergistic effects. For instance, embryo rescue has been used to create hybrids between cultivated tomatoes and wild relatives with disease resistance genes. Anther culture facilitates rapid development of doubled haploid lines in eggplants. Protoplast fusion has enabled the transfer of disease resistance from wild species to cultivated eggplants. In vitro mutagenesis has induced drought tolerance in tomatoes. Marker-assisted selection is used to select disease resistance genes in tomatoes and to pyramid multiple resistance genes against late blight in potatoes. Marker-assisted backcrossing efficiently transfers specific genes while retaining the genetic background of the cultivated variety. Genomic selection uses genome-wide markers to predict the breeding value of individuals for complex traits like fruit quality in tomatoes and tuber yield in potatoes, enhancing genetic gain. These integrated approaches accelerate the development of improved solanaceous crop varieties with enhanced resilience and nutritional value.
Malathi D, Pallavi T. M., Virupakshi Khanapuri et al.· Genetics and Molecular Resea...· 0 citations
The future of crop improvement using GEd technologies lies in the harmonisation or alignment of global policies and regulations to support the trade of agricultural produce and ensure that growers and consumers can benefit from GEd technology.
Michael G. K. Jones· Sugar Industry international· 0 citations
The aim of this study was to identify genes conferring late blight resistance in 30 promising potato hybrids using DNA markers and found all three genes indicates a high degree of late blight resistance.
N. Doguzova· Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹs...· 0 citations
Tuta absoluta is a highly destructive pest that poses a serious threat to tomato production worldwide. Tissue culture techniques enable the regeneration of genetically modified (GM) plants that carry genes conferring resistance to specific pests, this allows for the efficient production of disease-free and genetically improved plants. This review highlights the significance of tissue culture techniques—such as callus induction, organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis—in the development of transgenic tomato plants resistant to T. absoluta. These in vitro methods serve as essential platforms for introducing and regenerating genetically engineered traits. In particular, modern genetic engineering strategies, including the insertion of insecticidal genes, RNA interference (RNAi), and CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing, are discussed as effective tools for enhancing pest resistance. The integration of plant tissue culture with molecular breeding offers several advantages over conventional breeding approaches, including increased precision in genetic modifications, improved resistance to pests and diseases, enhanced yield and quality, accelerated development of new varieties, and better adaptation to environmental stressors. Collectively, these benefits contribute to more efficient, targeted, and sustainable crop improvement. Future research should prioritize the optimization of transformation protocols, the assurance of biosafety, and the comprehensive evaluation of field performance to fully realize the potential of transgenic tomatoes in combating pest infestations.
U. A., Umar K. M., Sani L. A. et al.· Biological and Environmental...· 0 citations
Peas (Pisum sativum) is diploid in nature (2n = 2x = 14) and exceptionally self-pollinated crop which contributed towards its narrow genetic base. Breeding plays an important role in agriculture by ensuring food security. The most common traditional breeding techniques used in order to improve Pea has been the method of hybridization followed by pedigree, bulk and modified bulk selection. Among all the methods, the back cross method of breeding has been used to transfer the desirable traits from the wild species to cultivated varieties. Traditional breeding approaches have played a significant role in the genetic improvement of peas, resulting in the development of several cultivars in various segments; however, with the advent of genomics and molecular breeding techniques (marker-assisted selection, genomic selection and genome editing) its genetic base can be widened and speed up the genetic improvement/variety development process. It holds great promise in enhancing genetic improvement by facilitating the identification and selection of desirable traits, such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, improved yield, and increased nutrient content, through the introduction of precise genetic modifications. By utilizing modern techniques in breeding programs, multiple stress tolerant and productive pea varieties can be developed.
Mudassar Iqbal, Sadia Sardar, Ghazanfar Hammad et al.· Jammu Kashmir Journal of Agr...· 0 citations
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