The aim of this study was to identify genes conferring late blight resistance in 30 promising potato hybrids using DNA markers and found all three genes indicates a high degree of late blight resistance.
Abstract
Increasing crop yields and enhancing their adaptation to changing growing conditions are among the key strategies for ensuring food security. Potato is one of the most important food crops worldwide and is cultivated on all continents. Plant breeders play a crucial role in ensuring sustainable potato production by developing new resistant varieties with increased yield per hectare. Since the 1990s, genetics has played an increasingly important role in plant breeding through the introduction of DNA markers as indirect selection tools and for the assessment of genetic diversity. Today, genomics-based plant breeding approaches, such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS), accelerate the breeding process for many major crops. The aim of this study was to identify genes conferring late blight resistance in 30 promising potato hybrids using DNA markers. Laboratory analyses for late blight resistance were conducted at the Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Research of Agricultural Plants at the Vladikavkaz Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The breeding material was preliminarily evaluated under field conditions in accordance with the recommendations for potato breeding programs. Genomic DNA was extracted from potato leaves during the flowering period using the CTAB method. For molecular genetic analysis of late blight resistance, the following R-gene molecular markers were used: R1–1250, R3a-1380, and R3b-378. The molecular genetic analysis revealed the presence of all three markers R1–1250, R3a-1380, and R3b-378. They were identified in five different potato hybrids. These hybrids included: 3375–1 (Tiras × Breeze), 3403–2 (Arizona × Fritella), 3341–2 (Innovator × Mirage), 3352–1 (Kolette × Mirage), and 3352–4 (Kolette × Mirage). The presence of all three genes indicates a high degree of late blight resistance. Thus, the identification of potato genotypes using molecular markers facilitates the acceleration of the breeding process for developming new resistant potato varieties.
Peas (Pisum sativum) is diploid in nature (2n = 2x = 14) and exceptionally self-pollinated crop which contributed towards its narrow genetic base. Breeding plays an important role in agriculture by ensuring food security. The most common traditional breeding techniques used in order to improve Pea has been the method of hybridization followed by pedigree, bulk and modified bulk selection. Among all the methods, the back cross method of breeding has been used to transfer the desirable traits from the wild species to cultivated varieties. Traditional breeding approaches have played a significant role in the genetic improvement of peas, resulting in the development of several cultivars in various segments; however, with the advent of genomics and molecular breeding techniques (marker-assisted selection, genomic selection and genome editing) its genetic base can be widened and speed up the genetic improvement/variety development process. It holds great promise in enhancing genetic improvement by facilitating the identification and selection of desirable traits, such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, improved yield, and increased nutrient content, through the introduction of precise genetic modifications. By utilizing modern techniques in breeding programs, multiple stress tolerant and productive pea varieties can be developed.
Mudassar Iqbal, Sadia Sardar, Ghazanfar Hammad et al.· Jammu Kashmir Journal of Agr...· 0 citations
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a strategically important crop for Russia, providing food security and foreign exchange earnings. One of the factors that reduce crop yields is the damage of plants by various types of pathogens. Barley smut is one of the most dangerous diseases of this crop and is widespread in almost all agricultural regions of Russia, especially in the Volga region, Siberia and Central region. To create new cultivars of barley and bring high-quality seeds to the market, the integration of molecular genetics into classical breeding is a key step. It is necessary to search for and map new genes for resistance to biotic factors and to screen existing genetic collections and breeding material extensively. The paper analyzes scientific publications by Russian and foreign researchers devoted to the use of molecular-genetic methods in the creation of barley cultivars resistant to loose (Ustilago nuda), covered (Ustilago hordei) and false loose (black) (Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr.) smut mainly over the past 15 years. The possibilities and experience of using various PCR markers in marker-assisted breeding (MAS breeding) of disease-resistant cultivars are shown. A list of currently known genes, donor varieties, and DNA markers linked to genes and loci of barley resistance to loose, covered, and false loose (black) smut is presented. The prospects that open up with the introduction of molecular methods for modern breeding for barley resistance to head diseases are formulated.
A. Kharina, E. V. Dyagileva· Agricultural science Euro-No...· 0 citations
By introducing desirable traits into an existing genome while maintaining the plant’s genetic integrity, plant genetic engineering is an effective method for enhancing plants and remains to be seen whether the advantages of reduced chemical use and improved nutritional aspects lead to a world with food security that is environmentally sustainable.
A. Goswami, Bijendra Singh, R. P. Singh· Progressive Agriculture· 0 citations
Genetic improvement of rice for biotic stress is a major and continuous breeding objective owing to changing pest and disease scenarios. In response to climate change, an outbreak of new pathotypes and biotypes results in huge yield loss which directly impacts the economic stability and food security. The development of varieties with multiple resistance genes for a particular disease is the most effective approach to the combating mechanism against evolving pathogens and insects. Multiple resistance genes against blast (Pi54), bacterial leaf blight (xa5, xa13, Xa21), and brown plant hopper (Bph17, Bph3, bph2) were pyramided through marker-assisted forward breeding by attempting multiple crosses involving six parental lines. The F4 lines were screened and the resistant lines were further reconfirmed at the F5 stage through precise phenotyping and also by genotyping with trait-specific markers. Finally, the selected lines were evaluated for the agronomic performance. Four lines were selected from the population which carrying seven resistance genes against BL, BB, BPH with superior agronomic performance. Another line, x21302-239, harboring all the resistant genes and showing a resistant response in screening experiments for all three stresses, with marginal agronomic performance (single-plant yield: 33 g), can be utilized as a desirable donor to develop elite rice cultivars with multiple biotic stress resistance. Homozygous genetic background is more favorable for epidemic outbreak in a short period of time in comparison with the population of multiple genetic background. Since this complex genetic background disturbs the infectious cycle of the pathogen. So that a variety or a hybrid which developed from multiple parental lines are notable for their durable resistance than the monogenic resistance variety.
M. Sriram, K. Amudha, Swaminathan Manonmani et al.· Biological Research· 0 citations
Potato viral infections are among the main factors contributing to reduced quality of planting material and decreased tuber productivity. Currently, no reliable chemical control methods are available for plant viral diseases. Therefore, the development of potato cultivars carrying virus resistance genes remains one of the most effective and comprehensive approaches to this problem. In this study, 29 Russian and foreign potato cultivars, as well as 31 Far Eastern potato hybrids were evaluated. Resistance genes were identified using PCR analysis. The following cultivars carrying target resistance genes were used as positive controls for method calibration: Meteor (Rysto, Rx1, Sen1, Gpa2, H1), Vektor (Rx1, Gpa2), Yubilyar (Gpa2), and Zhukovsky ranniy (Gpa2, Rx1). Method calibration enabled determination of optimal magnesium chloride concentrations: 2.0 mM for Gpa2 and 2.5 mM for Rx1. Genotyping of 29 potato cultivars identified several highly resistant accessions, including Yubilyar, Zhukovsky ranniy, Bellarosa, Sante, Smak, Red Scarlett, and Laperla. These cultivars combined resistance to Potato virus X (Rx1) with complex resistance to two nematode species (Gpa2, H1). In the studied population, high frequencies of the Gpa2 (82.8%) gene and the H1 (65.5–69.0%) gene group were observed. Statistical analysis provided strong evidence for tight genetic linkage between the Rx1 and the Gpa2 loci on chromosome 12. The association was highly significant (p < 0.001). Analysis of 31 potato hybrids revealed 14 multi-marker genotypes with high breeding potential. A stable combination of five target resistance markers was consistently detected in their genomes. A dominant hybrid family derived from the Yantar × Smak cross was identified, represented by five related lines. For the first time, a precise heritability coefficient was calculated for the STS marker of the Rx1 gene in a Far Eastern hybrid population. The estimate reached h2 = 0.835 at p = 0.01. This value significantly exceeded the critical threshold for breeding reliability (h2 > 0.7), indicating largely additive genetic control of the trait. These results support targeted selection of parental combinations for breeding programs aimed at improving virus and nematode resistance in potato.
Irina V. Kim, O. Sobko, P. Fisenko et al.· Plants· 0 citations
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