Jul 2026· International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Topics· Vol 7, pp. 110-112· 0 citations
TL;DR
This conceptual review aims to synthesize contemporary literature on the definition, etiological factors, diagnostic procedures, and evidence-based interventions for ID, with a specific focus on shifting from a deficit-based model to a supports-based model.
Abstract
Background: Intellectual disability (ID) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder with significant implications for individuals, families, and educational systems. Despite its prevalence, conceptual and practical challenges remain in defining, diagnosing, and supporting individuals with ID, particularly within Arab contexts. Aim: This conceptual review aims to synthesize contemporary literature on the definition, etiological factors, diagnostic procedures, and evidence-based interventions for ID, with a specific focus on shifting from a deficit-based model to a supports-based model. Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature, guidelines from the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), and regional Arabic sources was conducted. Results: The AAIDD (2002) defines ID as significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior originating before the age of 18. Although etiological factors exceed 200 causes, 75% of cases remain idiopathic. These causes are categorized into prenatal (genetic and non-genetic), perinatal, and postnatal factors. Best practices emphasize the importance of multidimensional assessment over the sole reliance on Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Furthermore, interventions are structured across primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention levels, encompassing medical, psychological, social, and educational domains. Conclusion: Adopting a supports-based, culturally responsive framework is essential for improving outcomes and social inclusion for individuals with ID in Saudi Arabia and the wider Arab world.
There is an urgent need for prospective longitudinal studies to adequately map the aging trajectories of this population of older adults with ASD, which constitute a vulnerable population.
J. P. S. Gontijo, Marcelo H S S Martins, L. M. Alves· Trends in Psychiatry and Psy...· 0 citations
Abstract Co‐occurrence of child and adolescent neurodevelopmental and mental health conditions is the rule rather than the exception, yet translating this insight into shared frameworks and clinical practice remains challenging. In this Editorial, we are pleased to introduce the 26 papers included in the 2026 Special Issue of JCPP Advances. This Special Issue aimed to advance our understanding of transdiagnostic mechanisms, dimensions, and practices in child and adolescent mental health, and includes original articles, reviews, commentaries, and an editorial perspective. Collectively, these articles illustrate three main ‘transdiagnostic’ conceptualisations; (i) mechanistic approaches identifying shared biological, cognitive, or affective processes across diagnostic boundaries; (ii) dimensional approaches mapping symptom covariance onto hierarchical structures such as the general ‘p’ factor and internalising, externalising, and neurodevelopmental spectra; and (iii) developmental, clinical‐staging approaches treating early, non‐specific features as precursors to a broad range of later outcomes. Methodologically, the current Special Issue highlights both the opportunities and limitations of large existing datasets, multi‐informant assessment, and neuroimaging and genomic approaches, while underscoring the persistent difficulty of modelling transdiagnostic dimensions developmentally. Importantly, while translation into routine clinical care remains limited, the field is now well positioned to test the clinical utility and effectiveness of transdiagnostic dimensional assessments and interventions in routine care.
A. Bellato, Stephen P. Becker, C. Hartman et al.· JCPP Advances· 0 citations
The Mental disorders in children and adolescents represent one of the largest unaddressed health burdens globally. Approximately half of all lifetime mental disorders begin before the age of eighteen (Solmi et al., 2022; Kessler et al., 2005), yet most affected young people never receive formal care, and the treatment gap is widest in low and middle income countries (Kieling et al., 2011; Patel et al., 2007). This paper reviews five interconnected domains of youth mental health: depression and anxiety, school based mental health systems, suicide prevention, digital mental health interventions, and the relationship between trauma exposure and resilience. Evidence was drawn from systematic reviews, meta analyses, randomised trials, and institutional reports published mainly from 2010 onward, and synthesised narratively. Three consistent findings emerge across domains. First, prevalence estimates for internalising symptoms rose measurably during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among adolescent girls (Racine et al., 2021). Second, effective interventions exist at every level of the care pyramid, but implementation fidelity, workforce capacity, and sustained funding determine outcomes more reliably than the choice between comparably evidenced intervention models (Durlak and DuPre, 2008; Werner-Seidler et al., 2021). Third, protective factors operating at family, school, and community level account for a substantial share of variance in outcomes following adversity (Masten, 2014; Ungar, 2011), which shifts the policy question from deficit reduction alone toward the deliberate construction of protective environments. The paper concludes with implementation priorities for resource constrained settings, including task shifting to supervised non specialist providers (Singla et al., 2017; van Ginneken et al., 2021), integration of mental health into existing school health platforms (Fazel et al., 2014), means restriction and responsible media reporting as population level suicide prevention measures (Gunnell et al., 2017; Niederkrotenthaler et al., 2020), and cautious, evidence anchored deployment of digital tools (Grist et al., 2019; Torous et al., 2018).
B. Imtiaz· Pakistan Journal of Positive...· 0 citations
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental
condition characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of
restricted or repetitive behaviors and interests. Increasing prevalence rates underscore
the importance of early identification and timely intervention. This review
examines current and emerging diagnostic and management approaches to ASD.
Standardized diagnostic frameworks, such as the DSM-5 criteria, remain central
to clinical assessment. Recent advances in screening tools have enhanced early
detection. Due to the heterogeneity of clinical presentations, individualized care
is necessary. Management strategies commonly integrate behavioral and developmental
interventions, educational support, family involvement, and, when appropriate,
pharmacological treatment for associated symptoms. Functional outcomes
are further improved by strategies, such as executive function training, occupational
therapy, technology-assisted therapies, and caregiver-mediated programs.
Research indicates that extensive family involvement and coordinated, interdisciplinary
care lead to improved long-term outcomes. To maximise functioning,
engagement, and quality of life, the existing literature generally supports a
comprehensive, flexible, and person-centred approach that takes into account
each person's unique needs and strengths.
D. I. Khan, Sana Jameel· Current Psychiatry Research...· 0 citations
Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour that originate during the developmental period [1,2]. Individuals with IDD are at increased risk of psychiatric comorbidities, particularly behavioral disturbances and psychotic disorders [3-5]. Distinguishing behavioral problems intrinsic to IDD from psychosis remains one of the greatest diagnostic challenges in psychiatric practice because communication deficits, cognitive impairment, and diagnostic overshadowing often obscure the clinical picture [4,5,6]. Misdiagnosis may result in unnecessary exposure to antipsychotic medications or delayed treatment of genuine psychotic illness [5,7]. This narrative review summarises the current literature about the epidemiology, clinical presentation, neurobiological mechanisms, neuropsychological characteristics, assessment, differential diagnosis, and management of behavioral problems and psychosis in individuals with IDD. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and WHO resources, focusing on studies published in English. Existing evidence indicates that behavioral disturbances are usually precipitated by environmental stressors, communication difficulties, sensory dysregulation, or learned maladaptive responses, whereas psychotic disorders are characterized by disturbances in perception, thought content, and reality testing with a noticeable decline from baseline functioning. Diagnostic overshadowing remains a significant barrier to early identification of psychiatric disorders in this population [5,7]. Structured clinical assessment, detailed caregiver interviews, longitudinal evaluation, and multidisciplinary management are essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate intervention. Further research from low- and middle-income countries, particularly India, is required to improve culturally relevant assessment tools and strengthen evidence-based clinical practice.
Background
Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD) affects approximately 1–3% of the global population and represents one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders [1,3,8]. Improvements in neonatal care and survival have increased the number of individuals with IDD reaching adulthood, making psychiatric comorbidity an increasingly important public health concern [7]. Behavioural disturbances and psychotic disorders contribute substantially to caregiver burden, reduced quality of life, institutionalization, and healthcare utilization [3,4,7]. Accurate differentiation between these conditions remains essential for effective management and prevention of inappropriate pharmacological treatment [5,7].
Archana Mohan Vijayalakshmi, Kothyala Bala Ravikumar· Journal of Psychiatry and Ps...· 0 citations
Functional cognitive disorder (FCD) is a frequent and underrecognized cause of cognitive complaints. Long regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion, conceptual advances have allowed this condition to be integrated within the nosological framework of functional neurological disorders, and to be approached through a positive definition based on the identification of internal inconsistency signs. Nevertheless, establishing a diagnosis of FCD can prove challenging in clinical practice, particularly due to overlapping features with the main differential diagnoses. Through the illustration of a typical clinical case, this article aims to support the positive diagnostic criteria for FCD, and to highlight the key arguments allowing FCD to be distinguished from its main differential diagnoses: cognitive symptoms related to depressive disorder, neurodegenerative diseases at the prodromal stage, and malingering. Diagnosing FCD requires a comprehensive patient evaluation, integrating a qualitative analysis of the interview and the patient's conversational profile alongside the assessment of symptoms, physical examination, and neuropsychological testing.
Inas Al Chare, E. Mhanna, J. Palisson et al.· La Revue de medecine interne· 0 citations
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