TL;DR
Modulation of the Angiopoietin-like protein 3–4–8–8 axis is a novel strategy to address residual atherosclerotic risk beyond traditional LDL receptor–dependent therapies.
This chapter synthesizes contemporary insights into the pathogenesis of primary hyperlipoproteinemias, emphasizing the transition from traditional lipid-based classification toward precision medicine approaches focused on lifetime cardiovascular risk, molecular characterization, and individualized therapeutic intervent...
These agents have expanded treatment options for patients with familial dyslipidaemia, severe hypertriglyceridaemia, and persistent residual cardiovascular risk while paving the way for precision medicine.
Findings indicate that clinical consequences are determined by the underlying biological mechanism rather than the degree of cholesterol lowering, and genetic testing may be considered in people with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and hypocholesterolemia to clarify the mechanism, guide...
Clinical guidelines, including China-specific recommendations, support the use of PCSK9 inhibitors to lower LDL-C and further reduce CV risk for patients with very-high-risk or high-risk ASCVD.
Overall, both olezarsen and plozasiran appear generally well tolerated, although monitoring of liver enzymes and glycemic control is warranted for both agents, and additional monitoring of platelet counts for olezarsen.
The ongoing CORALreef Outcomes trial will determine whether enlicitide-mediated LDL-C reduction translates into fewer major cardiovascular events and will help define its long-term clinical role.
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