2026· Oncology Research· pp. 1-10· 0 citations· 166 references
TL;DR
Recent advances ranging from aberrant genetic and epigenetic alterations; dysregulation of oncogenic signaling pathways; sophisticated crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment; intricate microbiota-inflammation interactions; fundamental discoveries to potential clinical translation; and emerging therapeutic strategies for GC are summarized.
Abstract
: Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Accurate early detection, timely diagnostic stratification, and robust prognostic risk assessment are essential for optimizing clinical outcomes and improving survival duration. However, conventional serological biomarkers demonstrate limited diagnostic performance owing to suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, while standard chemotherapy and targeted therapies provide only modest survival benefits in GC. Marked inter-and intratumoral heterogeneity further characterizes GC as a biologically complex and treatment-resistant malignancy. To date, significant progress has been made in comprehensively delineating the complex molecular pathogenesis of GC, providing a strong rationale for the development of novel biomarkers and promising therapeutic targets. The aim of this review is to systematically summarize recent advances ranging from aberrant genetic and epigenetic alterations; dysregulation of oncogenic signaling pathways; sophisticated crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment; intricate microbiota-inflammation interactions; fundamental discoveries to potential clinical translation, including novel biomarkers for early detection, diagnosis and prognostic stratification; and emerging therapeutic strategies for GC. Collectively, this work provides a conceptual framework for advancing precision medicine in GC.
A comprehensive overview of emerging and targeted therapeutic strategies in colorectal cancer, with emphasis on their molecular basis and clinical relevance, highlights a shift toward precision oncology for improved management of colorectal cancer.
Debgopal Ganguly, Ananta Choudhury, H. Deka et al.· Clinical and Translational O...· 0 citations
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers—including colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, and esophageal malignancies—
remain among the most prevalent and lethal cancers worldwide, largely due to their biological
complexity and late-stage diagnosis. This narrative review examines the critical role of biomarkers in advancing
personalized treatment strategies for GI cancers. Key diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers,
such as KRAS, HER2, PD-L1, microsatellite instability (MSI), and circulating tumor DNA
(ctDNA), are discussed about their application in clinical decision-making.
The review highlights biomarker-driven approaches across different GI cancer types, demonstrating how
molecular profiling informs early detection, treatment selection, and monitoring of therapeutic response.
Recent technological advances—including liquid biopsy, next-generation sequencing, and multi-omics integration—
have expanded biomarker discovery and enhanced clinical utility. Challenges in implementing biomarker
testing, such as variability in expression, lack of standardization, and limited accessibility, are also
addressed.
Overall, this article emphasizes the transformative potential of biomarkers to tailor therapy, improve patient
outcomes, and shape the future of precision oncology in gastrointestinal cancers.
S. Mehrabadi· Anti-Cancer Agents in Medici...· 0 citations
The present review examines the emerging role of germline human leukocyte antigen class I genotype as a prognostic and predictive biomarker, explicitly integrating it with tissue-based immune contexture and liquid biopsy readouts by proposing immunoediting as a unifying mechanistic framework that links allele-specific antigen presentation to immune infiltration.
C. N. Baxevanis, S. Stokidis, S. Fortis et al.· International Journal of Onc...· 0 citations
Simple Summary Metastatic colorectal cancer is associated with poor prognosis, as patients respond very differently to available therapies, and the disease can change over time. Better biomarkers are needed to help clinicians choose the most effective treatment for each patient and to monitor whether therapy is working. This review summarizes the most promising biomarkers currently being investigated in metastatic colorectal cancer, including those measured in tumor tissue and those detected through blood-based tests. We describe prognostic and predictive markers related to tumor genetics, immune activity, tumor-associated cells, and interactions with the microbiome, as well as emerging metabolic and lipid-related signatures. We also highlight circulating biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA, immune cell profiling, and circulating tumor cells. Finally, we discuss key limitations preventing clinical implementation and explore how combining multiple biomarker types with artificial intelligence may accelerate the development of reliable tools for personalized cancer treatment.
E. Benidovskaya, N. Huyghe, M. V. Giolito et al.· Cancers· 0 citations
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide
despite remarkable advances in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The rapid
development of molecular biology, precision medicine, immunotherapy, artificial
intelligence, and genomic technologies has transformed the landscape of modern
oncology, enabling more individualized and effective patient care. Recent
breakthroughs in liquid biopsy, next-generation sequencing, targeted therapies,
immune checkpoint inhibitors, and AI-assisted clinical decision-making have
significantly improved diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic efficacy, and survival
outcomes across multiple cancer types. However, numerous challenges persist,
including tumor heterogeneity, treatment resistance, immune-related adverse events,
limited accessibility to innovative therapies, high healthcare costs, and disparities in
cancer care across different regions. Furthermore, integrating multi-omics
technologies, digital pathology, and real-world evidence into routine clinical practice
requires standardized protocols and robust clinical validation. This review summarizes
the most significant advances in contemporary clinical oncology, discusses current
limitations affecting cancer management, and highlights emerging technologies that
are expected to shape the future of personalized cancer treatment. The continued
integration of genomics, AI-driven diagnostics, biomarker-guided therapies, and
multidisciplinary clinical approaches is anticipated to improve patient outcomes while
promoting precision oncology as the new standard of cancer care.
Ulykbek Daurenov, Dastan Turdykul, Dana Suyunbay et al.· International Scientific Uni...· 0 citations
The integration of TME-targeted and individualized therapeutic strategies may offer promising prospects toward achieving durable clinical outcomes in breast cancer treatment.
P. Shankar, Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy, Apsara Unni et al.· Current Cancer Therapy Revie...· 0 citations
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