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The Same Stripes, Cut by a Clock and a Front in Somites and by Diffusion in Turing Patterns ── Turing stripes become 2.000000 times wider when diffusion is made 4 times faster, but only 1.001460 times wider when the front is made 2 times faster and 1.083212 times when 4 times faster ── the separator is what must be moved to move the width of the stripes ── [Paper 648]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Nonlinear Dynamics and Pattern Formation

Abstract

Living bodies carry stripes that repeat at the same width: the somites that become the backbone, and the patterns on animal skins. Two models of how stripes form are known. In one, a front receding along the body copies the time kept by a clock inside each cell onto a width in space (the clock-and-wavefront model); in the other, the difference in how fast two substances diffuse breaks a uniform state (Turing). In both models, the quantities that might set the width are moved one at a time. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──the clock-and-wavefront model (Cooke and Zeeman 1976), the discovery of the segmentation clock (Palmeirim and colleagues 1997), Turing's model (Turing 1952) with Schnakenberg's reaction (1979), and the role of coupling in keeping neighbouring clocks in step (Jiang and colleagues 2000) are all known. Which mechanism works in real embryos is not discussed──reaction-diffusion models of somites have also been proposed. What is compared is how the two models respond, not the contents of embryos. Units are those of the models──time and length are dimensionless, and no real minutes or cell sizes are set. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 191 showed that diffusion, which should smooth, makes patterns, and that its fence is the ratio of two diffusion rates──here it is set beside that paper that diffusion sets the width of those patterns, while somite stripes are set by a clock and a front with no diffusion at all. What is added is moving the same quantities (period, front speed, diffusion) one at a time in both models, counting how little Turing stripes grown behind a front respond to the speed of the front, and placing the separator on what must be moved to move the width of the stripes. First, in the clock-and-wavefront model, the width is the product of the period and the speed of the front──with period 1 and a front moving 10 cells per period, the spacing of boundaries was 10.000000 cells. Doubling the period or doubling the speed of the front both made the spacing 2.000000 times larger (Section 2). Second, in the Turing model, the width is set by diffusion──making both diffusion rates 4 times larger made the fastest-growing wavelength of the linear analysis 1.999998 times longer, and the stripes grown on a domain of length 600 went from 15.7895 to 31.5789, 2.000000 times (Section 3). Third, and this is the core. Changing the speed of the front hardly moves the width of Turing stripes──growing Turing stripes behind a front, a front 2 times faster changed the spacing of peaks by a factor of 1.001460, and 4 times faster by 1.083212. In the clock-and-wavefront model it would be 4 (Section 3). Fourth, in the clock-and-wavefront model, coupling to neighbours sets not the width but the regularity──with cell periods scattered by 2 %, without coupling the boundaries rose to 178 and short segments appeared from cell 68. With coupling they returned to 39, with a mean spacing of 10.0526 (Section 4). Somite stripes and Turing stripes may look the same, yet their generators differ. In the clock-and-wavefront model, doubling the period or doubling the speed of the front makes the stripes 2.000000 times wider, and diffusion appears nowhere. In the Turing model, diffusion 4 times larger makes them 2.000000 times wider, while a front 4 times faster made them only 1.083212 times wider──and in the clock-and-wavefront model, coupling to neighbours set the regularity, not the width. The separator is what must be moved to move the width of the stripes. Placed among the earlier papers──diffusion sets the width of the patterns that diffusion makes in Paper 191, and somite stripes are cut by a different mechanism. To be honest──what was compared is two models, and real embryos are not entered. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: somitogenesis, clock and wavefront model, Turing pattern, reaction-diffusion, stripe pattern. ----- 生き物の体には、同じ幅でくり返す縞がある。背骨のもとになる体節と、動物の皮膚の模様である。縞をつくる仕組みの模型は二つ知られている。細胞の中の時計が刻む時間を、後ろへ下がる前線が空間の幅に写しとる模型(時計と波面)と、二つの物質の拡散の速さの違いが一様な状態を壊す模型(チューリング)である。二つの模型で、縞の幅を動かすものを一つずつ動かして確かめる。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──時計と波面の模型(クック・ジーマン 1976)、体節の時計の発見(パルメイリムら 1997)、チューリングの模型(チューリング 1952)とシュナケンベルグの反応(1979)、隣り合う時計を結合でそろえる働き(ジャンら 2000)は、いずれも既知である。実際の胚でどちらが働くかは論じない──体節を反応拡散で説明する模型も提案されている。本稿が比べるのは二つの模型の応答で、胚の中身ではない。単位は模型の中の単位である──時間も長さも無次元で、実際の分や細胞の大きさは置かない。既刊との関係:論文191 は、均すはずの拡散が模様を作り、その柵が二つの拡散速度の比であることを示した──ここでは、その模様の幅を拡散が決め、体節の縞は拡散と無関係に時計と前線が決めることを並べる。加えたのは、二つの模型で同じ量(周期・前線の速さ・拡散)を一つずつ動かしたこと、前線の後ろで育つチューリングの縞が前線の速さにほとんど応じないことを数えたこと、分離子を「何を動かすと縞の幅が動くか」に置いたことである。 第一に、時計と波面では、幅は周期と前線の速さの積である──周期 1・前線の速さ 10 細胞で、境目の間隔は 10.000000 細胞だった。周期を 2 倍にしても前線を 2 倍速くしても、間隔は 2.000000 倍になった(第2節)。 第二に、チューリングでは、幅は拡散で決まる──二つの物質の拡散をそろって 4 倍にすると、線形解析で最も速く育つ波長は 1.999998 倍、長さ 600 の領域で育てた縞は 15.7895 から 31.5789 へ 2.000000 倍になった(第3節)。 第三に、これが本稿の芯である。前線の速さを変えても、チューリングの縞の幅はほとんど動かない──前線の後ろでチューリングの縞を育てると、前線を 2 倍速くしても山の間隔は 1.001460 倍、4 倍速くしても 1.083212 倍だった。時計と波面なら 4 倍になる(第3節)。 第四に、時計と波面では、隣との結合は幅ではなく揃いを決める──細胞の周期が 2 % ばらつくと、結合が無ければ境目は 178 個に増えて細胞 68 から短い体節が出た。結合を入れると 39 個に戻り、間隔の平均は 10.0526 だった(第4節)。 体節の縞とチューリングの縞は、見た目が同じでも生成器が違う。時計と波面では、周期を 2 倍にしても前線を 2 倍速くしても幅は 2.000000 倍になり、拡散はどこにも出てこない。チューリングでは、拡散を 4 倍にすると幅が 2.000000 倍になり、前線を 4 倍速くしても 1.083212 倍にしかならなかった──時計と波面で隣との結合が決めるのは、幅ではなく揃いだった。分離子は、何を動かすと縞の幅が動くかである。既刊との位置──論文191 の拡散が作る模様の幅を拡散が決め、体節の縞はそれと別の仕組みで刻まれる。正直に言えば──比べたのは二つの模型で、実際の胚には入っていない。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:体節形成、時計と波面の模型、チューリング・パターン、反応拡散、縞模様。

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