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Stretching the Stopping Distance 300 Times Cuts Peak Acceleration to 1/300 but HIC to 1/20784.609691 ── acceleration is inversely proportional to distance, but HIC15, driven by acceleration to the 2.5 power and a 15 ms window, falls to 1/20784.609691 ── the separator is whether danger is measured by peak acceleration or by a time-weighted criterion, and the shape of the force ── [Paper 790]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

The shock of a collision gets smaller the longer the distance over which one stops. That is why cars are built to crumple on purpose. Varying the stopping distance and the shape of the force, how much the peak acceleration and HIC15, a criterion used for head injury, fall is counted. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──uniform deceleration equalling speed squared over twice the distance, a constant force giving the lowest peak for a given distance, and the definition of the head injury criterion HIC15 are all known (Huang 2002, Lu and Yu 2003). HIC15 is used as a criterion──how injuries happen and how well HIC15 predicts them are not treated. Only three force shapes──constant, a spring proportional to displacement, and a half-sine in time; real crush curves are not treated. The speed is representative──only stopping from 10 m/s is considered. No design is recommended──how to build cars or helmets is not stated. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 617 showed that if a valve closes faster than a round trip along the pipe, the water-hammer pressure does not depend on how it closes──its scope note stated that pipe selection and guideline closing times were not given. There the force of a sudden stop did not depend on how it stopped. Here, even with the stopping distance fixed, the force shape changes the peak and HIC15, and stretching the distance lowers HIC15 far more than the acceleration ratio. What is added is tabulating peak acceleration and HIC15 for four distances and three force shapes, confirming by integration that every shape stops at exactly the set distance, matching constant-force HIC15 to its closed form and measuring the numerical change with grid refinement, and placing the separator on the measure and the force shape. First, peak acceleration is inversely proportional to stopping distance──under constant force, 5098.581065 G over 1 mm and 16.995270 G over 30 cm, exactly 1/300 (Section 2). Second, and this is the core. The head injury criterion falls far more than acceleration──HIC15 goes from 371238.763569 to 17.861233, 1/20784.609691 (Section 2). Third, over the same distance, the shape of the force changes the peak──a spring shape gives 2.000000 times the constant-force peak, a half-sine 1.570796 times (Section 3). Fourth, the longer the impact, the more the shape shows in HIC15──spring over constant HIC15 is 1.842216 at 1 mm and 5.082518 at 30 cm (Section 3). Fifth, the benefit of stretching the distance also depends on shape──the HIC15 ratio from 1 mm to 30 cm is 7533.616012 for the spring and 9193.258966 for the half-sine (Section 3). Sixth, the separator is whether danger is measured by peak acceleration or by a time-weighted criterion, and the shape of the force──"stretching the stopping distance reduces the shock in inverse proportion" has no truth value until one says what it is measured by and the shape of the force (Section 4). Stretching the stopping distance 300 times cuts peak acceleration to 1/300 but the head injury criterion to 1/20784.609691. Stopping from 10 m/s under constant force gives 5098.581065 G and HIC15 371238.763569 over 1 mm, and 16.995270 G and HIC15 17.861233 over 30 cm──acceleration is inversely proportional to distance, but HIC15, driven by acceleration to the 2.5 power and the 15 ms window, falls far more. Over the same distance, a spring shape gives 2.000000 times the peak and a half-sine 1.570796 times, and at 30 cm the spring's HIC15 is 5.082518 times the constant force's──the benefit of stretching the distance itself changes with shape, from 1/20784.609691 to 1/7533.616012. The separator is whether danger is measured by peak acceleration or by a time-weighted criterion, and the shape of the force. Placed among the earlier papers──Paper 617 counted water-hammer pressure independent of how one stops; this counts impact harm that depends on it. To be honest──HIC15 was only used as a criterion, and neither injury mechanisms nor design are treated. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: impact, stopping distance, deceleration, HIC15, force shape, energy absorption. ----- ぶつかったときの衝撃は、止まるまでの距離をのばすほど小さくなる。車がわざと潰れるように作られるのはそのためである。止まる距離と力の形を変えて、最大の加速度と、頭への損傷の目安として使われる HIC15 がどれだけ下がるかを数える。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──一定の減速で止まるときの加速度が速さの二乗を距離の二倍で割ったものになること、同じ距離なら力を一定に保つと最大の加速度が最も小さいこと、頭への損傷の目安 HIC15 の定義は、いずれも既知である(ホアン 2002、ルー&ユー 2003)。 HIC15 は目安として使う──けががどう起こるか、HIC15 がどこまで当たるかは扱わない。力の形は三つだけ──一定、距離に比例するばね、時間に対する半正弦の三つで、実在の潰れ方の曲線は扱わない。速さは代表値である──10 m/s から止まる場合だけを見る。設計を勧めない──車やヘルメットの作り方は述べない。既刊との関係:論文617 は、弁を閉じる時間が管の往復より短ければ、水撃の圧力は閉じ方によらないことを示した──その射程注記は配管の選び方や閉じる時間の目安を述べないと明記していた。そこでは急に止めたときの力が止め方によらなかった。ここでは止まる距離を決めても力の形で最大の加速度と HIC15 が変わり、距離をのばすと HIC15 は加速度の比よりずっと大きく下がることを数える。加えたのは、四つの距離と三つの力の形で、最大の加速度と HIC15 を並べたこと、どの形も決めた距離でちょうど止まることを積分で確かめたこと、一定の力の HIC15 を閉じた式と照らし、刻みを変えて数値の差を測ったこと、分離子を「何で測るか」と「力の形」に置いたことである。 第一に、最大の加速度は、止まる距離に反比例する──一定の力で 1 mm なら 5098.581065 G、30 cm なら 16.995270 G で、ちょうど 300 分の 1(第2節)。 第二に、これが本稿の芯である。頭への損傷の目安は、加速度よりずっと大きく下がる──HIC15 は 371238.763569 から 17.861233 へ、20784.609691 分の 1(第2節)。 第三に、同じ距離でも、力の形で最大の加速度が変わる──ばねの形は一定の力の 2.000000 倍、半正弦の形は 1.570796 倍(第3節)。 第四に、長い衝撃ほど、力の形の差が HIC15 に大きく出る──ばね/一定 の HIC15 は 1 mm で 1.842216、30 cm で 5.082518(第3節)。 第五に、距離をのばす効き目も、力の形で変わる──1 mm -> 30 cm の HIC15 の比は、ばねで 7533.616012、半正弦で 9193.258966(第3節)。 第六に、分離子は、危なさを最大の加速度で測るか、時間で重み付けた目安で測るか──そして力の形である──「止まる距離をのばせば衝撃は距離に反比例して小さくなる」は、何で測るかと力の形を言うまで真偽が決まらない(第4節)。 止まる距離を 300 倍にすると、最大の加速度は 300 分の 1、頭への損傷の目安は 20784.609691 分の 1 になる。速さ 10 m/s から一定の力で止まると、止まる距離 1 mm で 5098.581065 G・HIC15 371238.763569、30 cm で 16.995270 G・HIC15 17.861233 である──加速度は距離に反比例するが、HIC15 は加速度の 2.5 乗と 15 ミリ秒の窓が効いて、はるかに大きく下がる。同じ距離でも、ばねの形は最大の加速度が 2.000000 倍、半正弦は 1.570796 倍になり、30 cm では HIC15 がばねで一定の 5.082518 倍になる──距離をのばす効き目そのものも、力の形で 20784.609691 分の 1 から 7533.616012 分の 1 まで変わる。分離子は、危なさを最大の加速度で測るか、時間で重み付けた目安で測るか──そして力の形である。既刊との位置──論文617 は止め方によらない水撃の圧力を数えた。ここは止め方で変わる衝撃の害を数えた。正直に言えば──HIC15 は目安として使っただけで、けがの起こり方も設計も扱っていない。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:衝撃、止まる距離、減速度、HIC15、力の形、エネルギー吸収。

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