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What Sets the Life Is the Initial Flaw, Not the Final Size ── With an initial flaw of 0.5 mm and a final size of 25 mm, doubling the final size extends the life only to 1.048244, while halving the initial flaw extends it to 1.482441 ── and an infinite final size buys only 1.164716, approached slowly at that ── [Paper 565]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

A tougher material is expected to last longer once a crack is present. What this paper shows is that most of the life is spent while the crack is small, so that enlarging the final size extends the life almost not at all. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──the Paris law and its integration are standard. No life prediction is given──neither the coefficient nor the stress range is assigned, and everything reported is a ratio. The life of a real component does not follow from this. The geometry factor is held constant──the stress intensity is taken proportional to the square root of crack length, whereas in practice the geometry factor changes with the crack and matters most near the end. Crack initiation is not treated──the initial flaw is given, and the life spent reaching it lies on the side of Paper 564. The threshold is excluded──below a threshold range the crack does not advance at all, and including it would weight small cracks still more heavily. Crack closure and overloads are not treated──retardation and load history are excluded. It is not said that toughness is unnecessary──that the final size scarcely extends the life is one thing, and toughness being dispensable is another: toughness settles when the sudden break comes, which is a different question from how long the life is. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 262 showed that there are three ways to break, and that in fracture the flaw decides, with Griffith's relation making strength inversely proportional to the square root of the flaw──that paper asks, under one loading, whether it breaks now; this one asks, under repetition, how long it lasts. The same square root of the flaw enters a strength formula there and a rate formula here. Paper 561 showed that doubling the overlap adds less than one per cent──both are of the form "adding stops repaying", but there because the adherends stretch and crowd the load to the ends, and here because the integral gathers at the initial end. Paper 564 showed that one exponent is cruel one way and generous the other──that paper treats life as a single number without entering its parts; this one opens the growth half of it. Paper 300 showed that sharing a root is decidable──"the final size does not tell" and "the initial flaw does" share one root in the integral. What is added is matching the integral against a closed form, contrasting the gains from doubling the final size and halving the initial flaw as 1.048244 and 1.482441, confirming the ratio equals sqrt(2a_f/a_i) within 10^-9, obtaining the ceiling at infinite final size as 1.164716 and showing the approach to it is slow, and placing the separator on whether the exponent exceeds two. First, doubling the final size barely extends it──to 1.048244 (Section 2). Second, and this is the core. Halving the initial flaw extends it far more──to 1.482441, the two gains standing at exactly 10.000000 to one (Section 3). Third, that ratio has a closed form──sqrt(2a_f/a_i), matching the numerical value within 10^-9 (Section 3). Fourth, even an infinite final size has a ceiling──1.164716: a little over sixteen per cent, and no more (Section 2). Fifth, a third of the life is spent before the crack doubles──0.341137 of it (Section 3). Sixth, the separator is whether the exponent exceeds two──above two the integral gathers at the initial end, and below two the final end takes over (Section 4). A tougher material is expected to last longer once a crack is present. Yet enlarging the final size barely extends the life──from an initial flaw of 0.5 mm and a final size of 25 mm, doubling the final size gives 1.048244, under five per cent. Doubling the tolerable crack is a large difference in a material, and the life scarcely moves. The integral matches the closed form 2(a_i^-1/2-a_f^-1/2) within 10^-9, and equal initial and final sizes return zero life. Even an infinite final size gives only 1.164716, so however far toughness is raised this arrangement buys a little over sixteen per cent; and the approach is slow, with 0.026044 still separating at a final size two thousand times the initial flaw. At practical sizes even the ceiling is out of reach. The initial flaw, by contrast, tells by an order──halving it gives 1.482441, and the two gains stand at exactly 10.000000 to one. That ten follows from the closed form sqrt(2a_f/a_i); its roundness is accidental, coming from a ratio of fifty. Since the ratio follows the span, the initial end weighs most heavily in large structures. And while the crack grows from 0.5 to 1.0 mm — a range invisible to the eye — 0.341137 of the life passes, the remaining 24 mm taking only the other two thirds. The separator is whether the exponent exceeds two──above two the integral is dominated by a negative power of the initial flaw; below two the sign turns and the final end takes over. Metals commonly fall between two and four, and the three used here lies within, so the dividing line is not a property of the material but the value of the exponent. Under Paper 300, "the final size does not tell" and "the initial flaw does" share one root, and setting m<2 reverses both. Placed among the earlier papers──Paper 262 asked, under one loading, whether it breaks now, with strength inversely proportional to the square root of the flaw; this paper asks how long it lasts, and the same square root enters a strength formula there and a rate formula here. It shares with Paper 561 the form "adding stops repaying", blocked in a different place: there the adherends stretch, here the integral gathers at the initial end. Paper 564 treated life as a single number, and this paper opens its growth half. To be honest──no life prediction is given: neither coefficient nor stress range was assigned, and everything reported is a ratio. The geometry factor was held constant, though in practice it changes with the crack and matters most near the end. Crack initiation was not treated, the initial flaw being given, and the threshold was excluded, which would weight small cracks still more heavily; crack closure and overload retardation were left out. Nor is toughness called unnecessary: it settles when the sudden break comes, which is a different question from how long the life is. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: crack growth, Paris law, fatigue life, initial flaw, fracture mechanics. ----- 壊れにくい材料を選べば、き裂が入っても長く保つと考えられる。本稿が示すのは、寿命の大半が「きずが小さいあいだ」に費やされるので、終端をどれだけ広げても寿命がほとんど延びないことである。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──パリス則も、その積分も標準的である。寿命の予測を与えない──係数 C も応力範囲も置いておらず、出したのはすべて比である。実部材の寿命は本稿からは出ない。形状係数を定数とした──応力拡大係数を sqrt(a) に比例するとした。実際には形状係数がき裂の長さとともに変わり、終端近くでは特に効く。き裂の発生を扱わない──初期きずは与えられたものとして始める。そこに至るまでの寿命は論文564 の側にある。下限界を入れない──応力拡大係数の変動幅が小さいとき、き裂は進まない。その下限界を入れれば、小さいきずの寄与はさらに大きくなる。き裂閉口と過大荷重を扱わない──遅延効果も履歴も入っていない。「靭性は要らない」とは書かない──終端が寿命をほとんど延ばさないことと、靭性が不要であることは別である。靭性は「いつ突然壊れるか」を決めており、それは寿命の長さとは別の問いである。既刊との関係:論文262 は「壊れる」が三つあり、傷が決める破壊ではグリフィスの式で強度が傷の平方根に反比例すると示した──あちらは一回の載荷で「いま壊れるか」を問い、こちらは繰り返しで「いつまで保つか」を問う。同じ sqrt(a) が、片方では強度の式に、片方では進む速さの式に入っている。論文561 は重ねを倍にしても耐力が 1 パーセントも増えないと示した──どちらも「増やしても返ってこない」型で、あちらは被着材が伸びて荷重が端に寄るため、こちらは積分が初期側に集まるためである。論文564 は同じ指数が上げる側で残酷、下げる側で気前がよいと示した──あちらは寿命を一つの数として扱い、内訳に立ち入らなかった。本稿はその内訳のうち、進展の側だけを開く。論文300 は同根か別根かが判定できると示した──「終端が効かない」と「初期が効く」は同じ積分から出る同根である。加えたのは、積分を閉じた式と突合せたこと、終端 2 倍と初期 2 分の 1 の効きを 1.048244 と 1.482441 で対比したこと、効きの比が sqrt(2a_f/a_i) に一致することを 10^-9 で確かめたこと、終端無限大の上限を 1.164716 と出し、その近づき方が遅いことを二段の終端で示したこと、分離子を「指数が 2 より大きいか」に置いたことである。 第一に、終端を 2 倍にしても、ほとんど延びない──1.048244 倍である(第2節)。 第二に、これが本稿の芯である。初期きずを半分にすると、はるかによく延びる──1.482441 倍で、効きの比はちょうど 10.000000 である(第3節)。 第三に、その比は閉じた式で書ける──sqrt(2a_f/a_i) であり、数値と 10^-9 で一致する(第3節)。 第四に、終端を無限大にしても上限がある──1.164716 倍まで。16 パーセント強しか買えない(第2節)。 第五に、寿命の 3 割は、きずが 2 倍になるまでに費やされる──0.341137 である(第3節)。 第六に、分離子は、指数が 2 より大きいかどうかである──2 を超えると積分が初期側に集まり、2 以下なら終端側が効く(第4節)。 壊れにくい材料を選べば、き裂が入っても長く保つと考えられる。ところが終端を広げても、寿命はほとんど延びない──初期きず 0.5 mm・終端 25 mm を基準に終端だけを 2 倍にしても、寿命は 1.048244 倍、5 パーセントも延びない。許容できるき裂を倍にするというのは材料としては大きな違いなのに、寿命はほとんど動かない。積分は閉じた式 2(a_i^-1/2-a_f^-1/2) と 10^-9 で一致し、初期と終端が等しければ寿命 0 に戻ることも確かめた。終端を無限大にした極限でも 1.164716 倍が上限で、どれだけ靭性を上げてもこの配置では 16 パーセント強しか買えない。しかも近づき方が遅く、終端 1000 mm(初期の 2000 倍)でも極限まで 0.026044 残っている──実用の寸法では、上限にすら届かない。初期きずのほうは、桁で効く──半分にすると寿命は 1.482441 倍になり、終端を 2 倍にした 1.048244 倍とは桁が違う。効きの比はちょうど 10.000000 である。その 10 は閉じた式 sqrt(2a_f/a_i) から出る。切りのよさは偶然で、初期と終端の比がたまたま 50 だったことによる。比は初期と終端の隔たりで決まるので、大きな構造物ほど初期側の重みが増す。寿命の使われ方を見れば、き裂が 0.5 mm から 1.0 mm へ伸びる──目で見ても分からない範囲──だけで寿命の 0.341137 が過ぎており、残りの 24 mm には三分の二しか要らない。分離子は、指数 m が 2 より大きいかどうかである──m>2 なら積分が a_i の負のべきに支配され、m<2 なら符号が変わって終端側が効くようになる。金属の m は 2 から 4 のあいだにあることが多く、本稿の 3 はその中である。境目は材料の性質ではなく、指数の値そのものにある。論文300 の基準では、「終端が効かない」と「初期が効く」はどちらも同じ積分から出る同根で、m<2 にすれば両方とも逆になる。既刊との位置──論文262 はグリフィスの式で「いま壊れるか」を問い、強度が傷の平方根に反比例すると示した。こちらは「いつまで保つか」を問う──同じ sqrt(a) が、片方では強度の式に、片方では進む速さの式に入っている。論文561 とも同じ「返ってこない」型だが、あちらは被着材が伸びて荷重が端に寄るため、こちらは積分が初期側に集まるためで、詰まっている場所が違う。論文564 は寿命を一つの数として扱って内訳に立ち入らなかったが、本稿はその内訳のうち進展の側だけを開いた。正直に言えば──寿命の予測を与えていない。係数も応力範囲も置かず、出したのはすべて比である。形状係数を定数として応力拡大係数を sqrt(a) に比例させたが、実際には形状係数がき裂とともに変わり終端近くでは特に効く。き裂の発生は扱わず初期きずは与えられたものとして始めており、そこに至るまでは論文564 の側である。下限界も入れていない(入れれば小さいきずの寄与はさらに大きくなる)し、き裂閉口も過大荷重の遅延も入っていない。そして「靭性は要らない」とも書かない──靭性が決めているのは「いつ突然壊れるか」であって、寿命の長さとは別の問いである。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:き裂進展、パリス則、疲労寿命、初期きず、破壊力学。

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