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The Earliest Sunset Comes Half a Month Before the Winter Solstice: the Gap Between Sundial and Clock Is the Sum of Two Causes ── the equation of time is the sum of an eccentricity part (amplitude 7.6550 minutes) and an obliquity part (amplitude 9.8664 minutes) ── changing by 0.4975 minutes a day around the winter solstice, it brings the earliest sunset at latitude 35.7 degrees north 15.61 days before the solstice ── [Paper 596]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Historical Astronomy and Related Studies

Abstract

The earliest sunset of the year is easily taken to fall on the winter solstice, the shortest day. What this paper shows is that the gap between sundial and clock (the equation of time) is the sum of two causes, the eccentricity of the orbit and the tilt of the ecliptic, and that around the solstice it changes by about 0.5 minutes a day, so the earliest sunset moves half a month before the solstice and the latest sunrise half a month after. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──the equation of time, Kepler's equation and the equation of centre, conversion from ecliptic longitude to right ascension, and the sunrise equation are all standard. The orbital elements are representative──eccentricity 0.0167, obliquity 23.44 degrees and longitude of perihelion 282.94 degrees, with no secular change. Sunrise and sunset are computed from geometry alone──as in Paper 414, in local mean time at latitude 35.7 degrees north, without refraction or the sun's apparent radius. No calendar dates are given──days are counted from perihelion and from the solstice. The history of calendars and clocks is not treated. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 414 showed that an hour of the old unequal-hour system varies by a factor of 1.5 with the season, and stated in its scope note: "the equation of time is not included; the difference between apparent and mean solar time is not the subject"──this paper takes that seat and puts the equation of time into the same sunrise equation at latitude 35.7 degrees. Paper 535 derived the moon's libration in longitude from the eccentricity, 2e──the eccentricity part of the equation of time here comes from the same 2e (the equation of centre in Kepler's equation). Paper 300 showed that sharing a root is decidable──the moon's libration in longitude and the sun's equation of time are two appearances of 2e met in separate places, with one source, the equation of centre; in that sense they share a root. What is added is splitting the equation of time into its two causes and checking each amplitude against its first-order form, setting out the shapes with one cause at a time and with the perihelion turned, finding the days of earliest sunset and latest sunrise counted from the solstice, and placing the separator on day length versus the time of solar noon. First, the equation of time has two peaks and two troughs of different sizes──with eccentricity 0.0167 and obliquity 23.44 degrees, the maximum is 16.4187 minutes and the minimum -14.2455 minutes, the smaller peak and trough are +3.6841 and -6.5099 minutes, and it passes through zero four times a year (Section 2). Second, the equation of time is the sum of two causes──the eccentricity part has amplitude 7.6550 minutes (7.6547 from the first-order 2e), the obliquity part 9.8664 minutes (9.8634 from the first-order tan^2(epsilon/2)), and their sum matches the whole to within 4.1x10^-13 minutes (Section 2). Third, taking the causes one at a time changes the shape──with obliquity alone the peak and trough are equal at +/-9.8664 minutes and there are four zeros a year; with eccentricity alone they are +/-7.6550 minutes with two zeros. Large and small peaks alternate because a yearly and a half-yearly period overlap (Section 3). Fourth, turning the perihelion by 90 degrees changes the shape, but by 180 degrees does not──at 90 degrees the extremes become 14.5793 and -16.6434 minutes; at 180 degrees nothing changes, because the obliquity part has a half-year period (Section 3). Fifth, and this is the core. At latitude 35.7 degrees north, the earliest sunset comes 15.61 days before the winter solstice and the latest sunrise 16.07 days after──the equation of time at the solstice is +1.6951 minutes and falls by 0.4975 minutes a day. Solar noon arrives later every day, so the shortest day and the earliest sunset fall on different days (Section 4). Sixth, the separator is whether one looks at the length of the day or also at the time of its middle (solar noon)──day length alone bottoms out at the solstice; when solar noon moves, the extremes of sunrise and sunset separate onto different days (Section 5). The earliest sunset of the year is easily taken to fall on the winter solstice, the shortest day. The gap between sundial and clock, the equation of time, is the sum of two causes──with eccentricity 0.0167 and obliquity 23.44 degrees it reaches 16.4187 and -14.2455 minutes, the eccentricity part (amplitude 7.6550 minutes) and the obliquity part (amplitude 9.8664 minutes) adding to the whole. A yearly and a half-yearly period overlap, so large and small peaks alternate; turning the perihelion by 90 degrees changes the extremes to 14.5793 and -16.6434 minutes, and by 180 degrees changes nothing. Around the solstice the equation of time falls by 0.4975 minutes a day──solar noon by the clock moves later every day, so at latitude 35.7 degrees north the earliest sunset comes 15.61 days before the solstice and the latest sunrise 16.07 days after. The shortest day and the earliest sunset are not the same day. The separator is whether one looks at day length or also at solar noon──day length alone bottoms out at the solstice; when noon moves, the extremes of sunrise and sunset separate on either side of it. Placed among the earlier papers──this takes the seat for the equation of time that Paper 414 left in its scope note. The eccentricity part comes from the same equation of centre as the 2e with which Paper 535 derived the moon's libration in longitude; as two appearances of 2e met in separate places, they share a root in the sense of Paper 300. To be honest──the orbital elements are representative with no secular change, and sunrise and sunset come from geometry alone, without refraction or the sun's apparent radius. No calendar dates are given, and the history of clocks is not treated. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: equation of time, sunset, winter solstice, Kepler's equation, obliquity of the ecliptic. ----- 一年で日の入りが最も早いのは、昼が最も短い冬至の日だ、と思われやすい。本稿が示すのは、日時計と時計のずれ(均時差)が、軌道の離心率と黄道の傾きという二つの原因の和であり、冬至のころ一日約 0.5 分ずつ変わるので、日の入りが最も早い日は冬至の半月前に、日の出が最も遅い日は半月後にずれることである。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──均時差、ケプラーの方程式と中心差、黄経から赤経への換算、日の出の方程式は、すべて標準的である。軌道要素は代表値である──離心率 0.0167、黄道傾斜 23.44 度、近日点黄経 282.94 度とし、年による変化は入れない。日の出と日の入りは幾何だけで計算する──論文414 と同じく北緯 35.7 度の地方平均時で、大気差と太陽の視半径は入れない。暦の上の日付を言わない──近日点と冬至から数えた日数で言う。暦と時計の歴史は扱わない。既刊との関係:論文414 は、不定時法の一刻が季節で 1.5 倍変わることを示し、射程注記で「均時差を入れない──真太陽時と平均太陽時の差は主題ではない」とした──本稿はその席に座り、同じ北緯 35.7 度の日の出の式に均時差を入れる。論文535 は、月の経度秤動を離心率の 2e から出した──本稿の均時差の離心率の分も、同じ 2e(ケプラーの方程式の中心差)から出る。論文300 は同根か別根かが判定できると示した──月の経度秤動と太陽の均時差という、別々の場所で出会った二つの 2e は、中心差という一つの源を持つ。その意味で同根である。加えたのは、均時差を二つの原因に分けてそれぞれの振幅を一次近似と突き合わせたこと、原因を一つずつにしたときと近日点の向きを変えたときの形を並べたこと、日の入りが最も早い日と日の出が最も遅い日を冬至からの日数で出したこと、分離子を「昼の長さか、南中の時刻か」に置いたことである。 第一に、均時差には大きさの違う山と谷が二つずつある──離心率 0.0167・黄道傾斜 23.44 度で、最大 16.4187 分、最小 -14.2455 分、小さな山と谷が +3.6841 分と -6.5099 分で、ゼロは年に四回ある(第2節)。 第二に、均時差は二つの原因の和である──軌道の離心率の分の振幅は 7.6550 分(一次近似の 2e で 7.6547 分)、黄道の傾きの分の振幅は 9.8664 分(一次近似の tan^2(epsilon/2) で 9.8634 分)で、二つの和は全体と 4.1x10^-13 分以内で一致する(第2節)。 第三に、原因を一つずつにすると形が変わる──傾きだけなら山と谷は +/-9.8664 分でそろい、ゼロは年四回、離心率だけなら +/-7.6550 分でゼロは年二回である。大きな山と小さな山が交互に並ぶのは、一年と半年の二つの周期が重なるからである(第3節)。 第四に、近日点の向きが 90 度ずれると形が変わるが、180 度ずれても変わらない──90 度なら最大 14.5793 分・最小 -16.6434 分になる。180 度で変わらないのは、傾きの分が半年周期だからである(第3節)。 第五に、これが本稿の芯である。北緯 35.7 度で、日の入りが最も早い日は冬至の 15.61 日前、日の出が最も遅い日は冬至の 16.07 日後に来る──冬至の均時差は +1.6951 分で、一日に 0.4975 分ずつ減る。昼の真ん中が毎日遅れていくので、昼が最も短い日と、日の入りが最も早い日がずれる(第4節)。 第六に、分離子は、昼の長さを見るか、昼の真ん中(南中)の時刻も見るかである──昼の長さだけなら冬至が底になる。南中の時刻が動くと、日の出と日の入りの底は別々の日に分かれる(第5節)。 一年で日の入りが最も早いのは、昼が最も短い冬至の日だ、と思われやすい。日時計と時計のずれ(均時差)は、二つの原因の和である──離心率 0.0167・黄道傾斜 23.44 度で、均時差は最大 16.4187 分・最小 -14.2455 分になり、軌道の離心率の分(振幅 7.6550 分)と黄道の傾きの分(振幅 9.8664 分)を足すと全体になる。一年周期と半年周期が重なるので、大きな山と小さな山が交互に並ぶ。近日点の向きが 90 度ずれると形は 14.5793 分と -16.6434 分に変わり、180 度では変わらない。冬至のころ、均時差は一日に 0.4975 分ずつ減る──時計で見た昼の真ん中が毎日遅れていくので、北緯 35.7 度では日の入りが最も早い日が冬至の 15.61 日前、日の出が最も遅い日が 16.07 日後に来る。昼が最も短い日と、日の入りが最も早い日は、同じ日ではない。分離子は、昼の長さを見るか、南中の時刻も見るかである──昼の長さだけなら冬至が底で、南中が動くと日の出と日の入りの底が冬至をはさんで分かれる。既刊との位置──論文414 が射程注記で空けていた均時差の席に座った。均時差の離心率の分は、論文535 が月の経度秤動を出した 2e と同じ中心差から出る。別々の場所で出会った二つの 2e として、論文300 の意味で同根である。正直に言えば──軌道要素は代表値で年による変化を入れず、日の出と日の入りは大気差と視半径を入れない幾何だけで出した。暦の日付は言わず、時計の歴史も扱っていない。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:均時差、日の入り、冬至、ケプラーの方程式、黄道傾斜。

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