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In Anisotropic Etching, the Depth of the Pit Is Set by Crystal Planes, Not by Etching Time ── the depth is 71.143691 μm at 100 minutes and 71.576704 μm at 200, so doubling the time gives 1.006086 times ── the separator is whether the rate ratio between the two planes is large ── [Paper 758]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

When a crystal is dissolved to dig a pit, one readily supposes that longer immersion digs deeper. But when the dissolution rate differs between crystal planes, the planes decide the shape. Whether time or crystal planes set the depth is counted, divided by the ratio of plane rates. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──anisotropic etching of single-crystal silicon in alkaline solutions, the slowness of (111), its 54.74 degree angle to (100), and self-limiting pyramidal pits are all known (Madou 2002, Seidel et al. 1990). Rates are representative──a (100) rate of 1 μm per minute and ratios of 400, 40 and 4 are for comparison and move with etchant concentration and temperature. The shape is simplified──a square window aligned to the crystal is assumed; convex-corner undercut and mask misalignment are not treated. Sidewalls recede uniformly──the (111) plane is taken to recede along its normal at a constant rate; roughening and the appearance of other planes are not treated. Etchant chemistry is not treated──why (111) is slow is not treated. No real process is claimed──particular tools and products are not treated. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 665 showed that the same iron has no direction as a sphere and thirty-eight times the crystal's as a thin film──there, without changing the material, shape created ease of magnetisation. Here, conversely, crystal direction creates the shape of the pit. Shape making direction, and direction making shape. What is added is deriving the stopping depth and sidewall angle in closed form, tabulating the growth of depth on doubling the time as 1.006086, 1.057704 and 1.573132 times by rate ratio, showing undercut inversely proportional to the ratio, and placing the separator on whether the rate ratio is large. First, the sidewall angle is set by crystal geometry──(100) and (111) meet at 54.735610 degrees (Section 2). Second, the pit stops at a depth set by the window──70.710678 μm for a 100 μm window (Section 2). Third, and this is the core. Once stopped, time hardly acts──with a rate ratio of 400, going from 100 to 200 minutes deepens the pit only 1.006086 times (Section 3). Fourth, with a small rate ratio, time comes back──1.057704 times at ratio 40, 1.573132 times at 4, 2 times isotropically (Section 3). Fifth, undercut goes inversely with the rate ratio──0.216506 μm by the stop at ratio 400, 21.650635 μm at 4 (Section 3). Sixth, the separator is whether the rate ratio between the two planes is large──"to dig deeper, immerse longer" has no truth value until the ratio is stated (Section 4). In anisotropic etching, the depth of the pit is set by crystal planes, not by etching time.(100) and (111) meet at 54.735610 degrees, and a 100 μm window gives a pyramidal pit that stops at 70.710678 μm──neither tool settings nor time enter the angle or the depth. With (111) at 1/400 of the rate, extending from 100 to 200 minutes takes the depth from 71.143691 to 71.576704 μm, only 1.006086 times; at ratio 40 it is 1.057704 times, at 4 it is 1.573132 times, and isotropically 2 times, so time returns as the ratio falls──undercut, too, grows inversely with the ratio, from 0.216506 μm at 400 to 21.650635 μm at 4. The separator is whether the rate ratio between the two planes is large──"to dig deeper, immerse longer" has no truth value until the ratio is stated. Placed among the earlier papers──in Paper 665 shape made direction; here direction makes shape. To be honest──convex corners, mask misalignment and etchant chemistry are not treated, and rates are representative. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: anisotropic etching, crystal planes, sidewall angle, etch-rate ratio, self-limiting depth, undercut. ----- 薬液で結晶を溶かして穴を掘るとき、長く浸ければ深く掘れると考えやすい。けれど溶ける速さが結晶の面で違うと、穴の形は面が決める。深さを決めているのが時間か結晶面かを、面の速さの比で分けて数える。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──単結晶シリコンのアルカリ溶液による異方性エッチング、(111) 面が遅いこと、(100) 面との角が 54.74 度になり角錐の穴が自己停止することは、いずれも既知である(マドゥー 2002、ザイデルほか 1990)。速さは代表値である──(100) の速さ 1 μm/分と、比 400・40・4 は比べるための値で、薬液の濃度や温度で動く。形を単純にする──正方形の窓が結晶の向きにそろっていると置き、凸の角の食い込みやマスクの向きのずれは扱わない。側壁は一様に退くと置く──(111) 面が法線の向きに一定の速さで退くとし、面の荒れや別の面の出現は扱わない。薬液の化学を扱わない──なぜ (111) が遅いかの機構は扱わない。実在の工程を主張しない──個別の装置や製品は扱わない。既刊との関係:論文665 は、同じ鉄でも球なら向きを持たず、薄膜なら結晶の三十八倍の向きを持つことを示した──そこでは材料を替えずに形が向きやすさを作った。ここでは逆に、結晶の向きが穴の形を作る。形が向きを作る側と、向きが形を作る側になる。加えたのは、止まる深さと側壁の角を閉じた式で出したこと、速さの比ごとに、時間を 2 倍にしたときの深さの伸びを 1.006086・1.057704・1.573132 倍と並べたこと、横の食い込みが比に反比例することを示したこと、分離子を「速さの比が大きいか」に置いたことである。 第一に、側壁の角度は結晶の幾何で決まる──(100) と (111) のなす角は 54.735610 度(第2節)。 第二に、穴は窓の幅で決まる深さで止まる──窓 100 μm で 70.710678 μm(第2節)。 第三に、これが本稿の芯である。止まったあとは、時間がほとんど効かない──速さの比 400 で、100 分から 200 分にしても深さは 1.006086 倍(第3節)。 第四に、速さの比が小さいと、時間が戻ってくる──比 40 で 1.057704 倍、比 4 で 1.573132 倍、等方なら 2 倍(第3節)。 第五に、横の食い込みは速さの比に反比例する──止まるまでに比 400 で 0.216506 μm、比 4 で 21.650635 μm(第3節)。 第六に、分離子は、二つの面の速さの比が大きいかである──「深く掘るには長く浸ければよい」は、比を言うまで真偽が決まらない(第4節)。 異方性エッチングの穴の深さは、掘る時間ではなく結晶面で決まる。(100) と (111) のなす角は 54.735610 度で、窓 100 μm の角錐の穴は 70.710678 μm で止まる──角度にも深さにも、装置の設定や時間は入っていない。(111) が 400 分の 1 の速さなら、100 分から 200 分に延ばしても深さは 71.143691 μm から 71.576704 μm へ 1.006086 倍にしかならず、比 40 で 1.057704 倍、比 4 で 1.573132 倍、等方で 2 倍と、比が小さいほど時間が戻ってくる──横の食い込みも比 400 の 0.216506 μm から比 4 の 21.650635 μm へ、比に反比例して増える。分離子は、二つの面の速さの比が大きいかである──「深く掘るには長く浸ければよい」は、比を言うまで真偽が決まらない。既刊との位置──論文665 では形が向きを作った。ここでは向きが形を作る。正直に言えば──凸の角もマスクのずれも薬液の化学も扱わず、速さは代表値である。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:異方性エッチング、結晶面、側壁の角度、速さの比、自己停止、横の食い込み。

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