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The Langmuir Isotherm and the Fermi Distribution Are One and the Same Expression ── Change the Variable and the Difference Becomes 0 ── Not the Same Rhyme but the Same Root, and That Root Is "A Site Takes Only 0 or 1" ── [Paper 284]

Aug 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

The Langmuir adsorption isotherm of surface chemistry theta=Kp/(1+Kp), the Fermi distribution of solid-state physics f=1/1+e^(E-mu)/kT, and the Michaelis--Menten expression of enzyme kinetics v/V_max=[S]/(K_m+[S])──these three share a form. This paper asks whether that is an accidental likeness (a rhyme) or the same root──the answer is the same root. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed──the Langmuir, Fermi--Dirac, Michaelis--Menten, Freundlich and BET expressions are all standard. We do not build statistical mechanics──all we use is one change of variable and one division. We do not derive the Fermi distribution──we do not enter the derivation from the grand canonical ensemble. We do not discuss the mechanism of adsorption──heat of adsorption, surface diffusion, and the distinction between chemisorption and physisorption are not treated at all. We do not discuss enzyme mechanism──the Michaelis--Menten expression follows from a steady-state approximation, and the validity of that approximation is not treated. Only the agreement of form is treated. We do not say the three are “the same phenomenon”──what agrees is the form of the distribution function, not the phenomena. The Fermi distribution comes from quantum statistics, Langmuir from an equilibrium constant, Michaelis from reaction rates: the routes of derivation differ. The Michaelis root is weaker──the agreement of Langmuir and Fermi rests on the same root, exclusion, whereas the Michaelis “site” is the separate circumstance that one enzyme molecule binds one substrate. This paper does not claim it as a third case of the same root, and keeps it to the agreement of form. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 112 counted “six distinct roots sharing one rhyme”──this paper is the converse case, an example where not only the rhyme but the root is the same. It is set as the counterpart to 112. Paper 265 showed that what separated the low-temperature models is the density of states──this paper is on the distribution-function side and does not treat the density of states. Paper 274 showed that Drude was right through the cancellation of two errors──the agreement here is not a cancellation but an identity. Paper 220 counted four things called “independence”──the “exclusion” there is the mutual exclusivity of probabilistic events, a different thing from the exclusion of sites here. What is added is confirming at five points that a change of variable makes the difference between the two expressions 0, naming the root as exclusion, confirming that 0.1->0.5 and 0.5->0.9 both take 9 times, and separating the three expressions by the presence or absence of saturation. First, changing the variable makes the difference 0. Setting Kp=e^(mu-E)/kT, the difference at five points is 0 or below 10^-16 (Section 2). Second, this is the core of the paper. The root is that one site takes only 0 or 1, and if the exclusion is the same, the distribution is the same (Section 3). Third, the fuller the sites, the less it acts. Raising theta from 0.9 to 0.99 takes 11 times the pressure; from 0.5 to 0.999 it takes 999 times (Section 4). Fourth, the first half is symmetric. Both 0.1->0.5 and 0.5->0.9 take exactly 9 times (Section 4). Fifth, the same 11 appears on the Michaelis side. Raising v/V_max from 0.9 to 0.99 takes 11 times the substrate concentration (Section 5). Sixth, the separator is whether the number of sites is finite. The Freundlich expression does not saturate, and the BET expression diverges as theta->infinity (Section 6). The Langmuir isotherm and the Fermi distribution are not alike; they are one and the same expression. Merely setting Kp=e^(mu-E)/kT makes the difference at all five points 0 or the size of rounding. The root is one line──a single site takes only 0 or 1. So the grand partition function stops at two terms, and if the exclusion is the same the distribution is the same. Numerical intuition transfers unchanged──the 11 times the pressure needed to raise theta from 0.9 to 0.99 is the same number as the 11 times the substrate needed to raise v/V_max from 0.9 to 0.99. And 0.1->0.5 and 0.5->0.9 both take exactly 9──symmetric about a half. One thing separates them──whether the number of sites is finite. If it is, this form follows; if not, it diverges as Freundlich and BET do. Not the field. Where Paper 112 counted six distinct roots under one rhyme, here the root is the same as well, and that is why the difference is 0. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. ----- 表面化学のラングミュア吸着等温式 theta=Kp/(1+Kp)、固体物理のフェルミ分布 f=1/1+e^(E-mu)/kT、酵素反応のミカエリス=メンテン式 v/V_max=[S]/(K_m+[S])──この三つは同じ形をしている。本稿が問うのは、これが偶然の似姿(韻)か、同じ根かである──答は、同じ根である。新しい数学定理も新しい法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい数学定理も新しい法則も主張しない──ラングミュア式、フェルミ=ディラック分布、ミカエリス=メンテン式、フロインドリヒ式、BET 式は、いずれも標準的である。統計力学を作らない──使うのは一つの変数変換と、一つの割り算だけである。フェルミ分布を導出しない──大正準集団からの導出には立ち入らない。吸着の機構を論じない──吸着熱も、表面拡散も、化学吸着と物理吸着の区別も一切扱わない。酵素反応機構を論じない──ミカエリス=メンテン式は定常状態近似の帰結であり、その近似の妥当性は扱わない。形の一致だけを扱う。三つが「同じ現象」だと言わない──一致するのは分布関数の形であって、現象そのものではない。フェルミ分布は量子統計から、ラングミュアは平衡定数から、ミカエリスは反応速度から出ており、導出の道筋は違う。ミカエリスの根は弱い──ラングミュアとフェルミの一致は排他という同じ根を持つが、ミカエリスの「席」は酵素分子一つが基質一つを結合するという別の事情である。本稿はこれを「同じ根の第三例」とは主張せず、形の一致にとどめる。既刊との関係:論文112 は「同じ韻を踏む六つの別根」を数えた──本稿は逆の場合であり、韻だけでなく根まで同じ例である。112 の対照として置く。論文265 は低温比熱を分けたのが状態密度だと示した──本稿は分布関数の側であり、状態密度は扱わない。論文274 はドルーデが二つの間違いの打ち消しで当たったと示した──本稿の一致は打ち消しではなく、同一性である。論文220 は「独立」が四つあると数えた──そこでの「排他」は確率事象の排反であり、本稿の「席の排他」とは別物である。加えたのは変数変換によって二式の差が 0 になることを五点で確かめたこと、根が排他であると名指したこと、0.1->0.5 と 0.5->0.9 がどちらも 9 倍だと確かめたこと、飽和の有無を分離子として三式を分けたことである。 第一に、変数を置き換えると差が 0 になる。 Kp=e^(mu-E)/kT と置くと、五点で差が 0 または 10^-16 以下である(第2節)。 第二に、これが本稿の芯である。根は「一つの席は 0 か 1 しか取れない」ことであり、排他が同じなら分布も同じである(第3節)。 第三に、席が埋まるほど効かなくなる。 theta を 0.9->0.99 にするのに圧力は 11 倍、0.5->0.999 には 999 倍要る(第4節)。 第四に、前半は対称である。0.1->0.5 も 0.5->0.9 もどちらもちょうど 9 倍である(第4節)。 第五に、ミカエリス側で同じ 11 倍が出る。 v/V_max を 0.9->0.99 にするのに基質濃度は 11 倍(第5節)。 第六に、分離子は「席の数が有限か」である。フロインドリヒ式は飽和せず、BET 式は theta->infinity に発散する(第6節)。 ラングミュア吸着等温式とフェルミ分布は、似ているのではなく同じ一つの式である。 Kp=e^(mu-E)/kT と置くだけで、五点すべてで差が 0 または丸め誤差の大きさになる。根は一行しかない──一つの席が 0 か 1 しか取れないこと。だから大分配関数が二項で止まり、排他が同じなら分布も同じになる。数値の直観もそのまま移る──theta を 0.9->0.99 にするのに要る圧力 11 倍は、酵素で v/V_max を 0.9->0.99 にするのに要る基質濃度 11 倍と同じ数である。そして 0.1->0.5 と 0.5->0.9 がどちらもちょうど 9 倍──半分のまわりで対称である。分けるものは一つ──席の数が有限かどうか。有限ならこの形になり、有限でなければフロインドリヒや BET のように発散する。分野ではない。論文112 が「同じ韻の別根」を六つ数えたのに対し、ここでは根まで同じであり、だから差が 0 になる。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。

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