Skip to content
#small language model Open access

Can Meaningful Plaintext Be Transformed into Voynich-Like Text That Cannot Be Uniquely Recovered? A Generative Experiment Using Multi-Stage Information-Loss Transformations

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Intelligence, Security, War Strategy

Abstract

This study investigates a constructive question concerning Voynich-like text generation: can meaningful natural-language plaintext be used as source material, subjected to non-injective and deliberately information-losing transformations, and still produce localized word-form regularities resembling those observed in the Voynich Manuscript? A fixed Latin-input generative model, v1.0 FINAL, was constructed using deterministic pseudo-word generation, chapter-specific word-form families, short-range copying, microvariation, word dropping, adjacent transposition, and a small amount of copying error. The study does not attempt to identify the historical production method of the Voynich Manuscript, nor does it aim to minimize an overall statistical distance from Voynichese. The first pre-specified metric, FT-NNS30, did not yield consistent results across three previously unused Latin works, and this negative result was retained. An exploratory measure, NPL300-60, was then introduced to quantify whether similar high-frequency word forms are disproportionately localized in the same chapters. Pliny the Younger’s Letters, Book I, was subsequently used as an independent confirmatory holdout under analysis conditions fixed in advance. The primary NPL300-60 result was observed = 0.104990, null median = 0.099836, with a one-sided empirical upper-tail p-value of 0.000999. The results provide a constructive example showing that meaningful input and reversible preservation of meaning are separable requirements. This record includes the English preprint and a lightweight supplementary package containing the figures and publication metadata. Research data, source corpora, Voynich transcriptions, analysis code, raw null distributions, and event traces are not included in this release. A fuller reproducibility archive may be released separately.

View source

Similar papers

#small language model Dataset Open access Oct 2026

Socratic guiding questions in synthetic arithmetic data: matched LoRA runs (revision v2)

Supporting data, adapters, predictions and code for the article *Low-Cost LoRA Fine-Tuning of Small Language Models for Multi-Step Arithmetic Reasoning* by Jake O'Grady, Asena Isik Gürhan, Chee Fong Ting and Effirul Ramlan (University of Galway). We generated 20,000 GSM8K-derived arithmetic problems with step-by-step s...

O'Grady, Jake, Gürhan, Asena Isik, Chee, Fong Ting et al. · 465 citations
#computer vision Open access Jun 2016

Software Development in Startup Companies: The Greenfield Startup Model

The results are packaged in the Greenfield Startup Model (GSM), which explains the priority of startups to release the product as quickly as possible, and the need to shorten time-to-market, by speeding up the development through low-precision engineering activities.

Carmine Giardino, Nicolò Paternoster, M. Unterkalmsteiner et al. · 178 citations · ⚡14
#computer vision Open access Oct 2016

Software Startups - A Research Agenda

Software startup companies develop innovative, software-intensive products within limited timeframes and with few resources, searching for sustainable and scalable business models.

M. Unterkalmsteiner, P. Abrahamsson, Xiaofeng Wang et al. · 157 citations · ⚡17
#machine learning Review Open access Oct 2016

“Failures” to be celebrated: an analysis of major pivots of software startups

This study conducts a case survey study based on the secondary data of the major pivots happened in 49 software startups, and demonstrates that customer need pivot is the most common among all pivot types.

Sohaib Shahid Bajwa, Xiaofeng Wang, Anh Nguyen-Duc et al. · 127 citations · ⚡15
#computer vision Review Open access May 2015

A survey study on major technical barriers affecting the decision to adopt cloud services

The comparison of adopter and non-adopter sample reveals three potential adoption inhibitor, security, data privacy, and portability, which underlines the importance of the technical and security perspectives for research investigating the adoption of technology.

Nattakarn Phaphoom, Xiaofeng Wang, S. Samuel et al. · 111 citations · ⚡8
#computer vision Open access Feb 2018

Lean Internal Startups for Software Product Innovation in Large Companies: Enablers and Inhibitors

This study investigates how Lean internal startup facilitates software product innovation in large companies and identifies its enablers and inhibitors, and shows the potential of the method-in-action framework to investigate the Lean startup approach in non-startup context.

Henry Edison, Nina M. Smørsgård, Xiaofeng Wang et al. · 78 citations · ⚡6

Related blog posts

We use cookies to run the site and, with your consent, for analytics and to show ads. See our Cookie Policy.