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What Lifts the Liquid Is Not Surface Tension but Its Difference ── Wine at 12 per cent is 0.039445 N/m; evaporation to 10 raises it to 0.042828 ── the difference of 0.003383 N/m lifts a 20 μm film by 17.25 mm ── pure water has the largest tension and no difference, so it makes no tears ── [Paper 452]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Fluid Dynamics and Thin Films

Abstract

The greater the surface tension, the higher the liquid climbs──so it is thought. This paper shows that what lifts the liquid is not the tension but its difference──which is why pure water, with the largest tension of all, makes no tears. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──the Marangoni effect, the concentration dependence of surface tension and the force balance in a thin film are all standard. No wine is evaluated──quality, origin and the relation of strength to taste are not the subject. The interpolation is a model──the surface tension of ethanol-water is interpolated exponentially; the endpoints match measurement but the shape between them does not. Evaporation rates are excluded──how fast the composition changes is not the subject; only the balance once a difference exists. The film thickness is not measured──20 μm is representative and varies across a real glass. The periodic flow is excluded──how a tear detaches into a drop is not the subject. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 451 showed that what insulates is the air, not the snow──there too, the named thing and the working thing differed. Paper 300 showed that common root and distinct root can be decided──“surface tension” and “a difference of surface tension” are distinct roots by that criterion. Paper 448 showed that the size of one photon acts──there too, it was not the total that mattered. What is added is giving the tension at two compositions, giving the difference as 0.003383 N/m, giving the lift as 17.25 mm, confirming the inverse dependence on thickness at two values, placing pure water as the boundary, and placing the separator at amount versus difference. First, pure water is 0.072800 and wine at 12 per cent is 0.039445 N/m (Section 2). Second, evaporation down to 10 per cent raises it to 0.042828 (Section 2). Third, this is the core of the paper. A difference of 0.003383 N/m lifts a 20 μm film by 17.25 mm (Section 3). Fourth, the height goes inversely with the film thickness, falling to 3.45 mm at 100 μm (Section 3). Fifth, in pure water evaporation does not change the composition, the difference is zero, and no tears form (Section 3). Sixth, the separator is whether the amount acts or the difference acts (Section 4). The greater the surface tension, the higher the liquid climbs──so it is thought──the capillary rise formula looks that way, with sigma in the numerator. But the tears of wine appear in the liquid with the smallest tension and never in pure water. The direction is reversed. What acts is the smaller number──pure water is 0.072800 N/m and wine at 12 per cent is 0.039445, already down to 54.18 per cent, because ethanol gathers at the surface. And as evaporation takes the ethanol from 0.12 to 0.10, the tension rises to 0.042828, a difference of 0.003383 N/m. That difference is only 4.65 per cent of the tension of pure water──small in absolute terms, and it is the small one that acts. The small difference makes a visible height──a 20 μm film is lifted 17.2465 mm, nearly two centimetres, which is why the tears are seen at all. The height goes inversely with thickness, falling to 3.4493 mm at 100 μm──thin films climb high, thick ones lose to their own weight. And in pure water evaporation does not change the composition, so with the largest tension of all no tears form. This is the boundary: mixture or single component, and whether one component evaporates selectively decides whether the phenomenon exists at all. So “high surface tension makes tears” is wrong twice──the direction is reversed, and what acts is not the amount but the difference. One thing separates them──does the amount act, or the difference. If the amount acts, bigger is stronger, and capillary rise is of that type with pure water climbing highest. If the difference acts, a uniform liquid does nothing, and Marangoni flow is of that type: however large, if it is even, nothing moves. They are distinct roots by the criterion of Paper 300, one a field and one the gradient of that field. It is the same shape as Paper 451, where what insulated was the air and not the snow: in both, the named thing and the working thing differ. It overlaps Paper 448 too, where the size of one quantum acted rather than the total: in both, the naively summed quantity does not hold the answer. So the strength of the tears follows not the alcohol content but the size of the compositional change by evaporation──which is why humidity and temperature matter. To be honest──the interpolation is a model. The endpoints match measurement, but the shape between them was simply taken as exponential, so the value 0.003383 depends on that model. The conclusion that zero difference gives no tears does not. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: Marangoni effect, surface tension, tears of wine, thin film. ----- 表面張力が大きいほど液は持ち上がる、と思われている。本稿が示すのは、持ち上げているのは表面張力そのものではなく、その差であることである──だから純水は表面張力が最も大きいのに、脚を作らない。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──マランゴニ効果、表面張力の濃度依存性、薄膜の力の釣り合いはすべて既知である。ワインを評価しない──品質、産地、アルコール度数と味の関係は主題ではない。内挿式は模型である──エタノール水溶液の表面張力を指数型で内挿した。両端は実測値に合わせてあるが、中間の形は実測ではない。蒸発速度を扱わない──どれくらいの速さで組成が変わるかは主題ではない。差が生じたあとの釣り合いだけを見る。膜厚を実測しない──20 μm は代表値であり、実際のグラスでは場所によって変わる。周期的な流れを扱わない──脚が滴になって落ちる過程は主題ではない。既刊との関係:論文451 は断熱しているのが雪ではなく空気であることを示した──そこでも、名前のついたものと働いているものが違った。論文300 は同根か別根かが判定できることを示した──「表面張力」と「表面張力の差」は、その基準で別根である。論文448 は光子 1 個の大きさが効くことを示した──そこでも、合計ではない量が効いていた。加えたのは、二つの組成で表面張力を出したこと、差を 0.003383 N/m と出したこと、持ち上がる高さを 17.25 mm と出したこと、膜厚に反比例することを二つの値で確かめたこと、純水を境目として置いたこと、分離子を「量か差か」に置いたことである。 第一に、純水は 0.072800、12 パーセントのワインは 0.039445 N/m である(第2節)。 第二に、蒸発で 10 パーセントに減ると 0.042828 へ上がる(第2節)。 第三に、これが本稿の芯である。差 0.003383 N/m が、膜厚 20 μm の液を 17.25 mm 持ち上げる(第3節)。 第四に、高さは膜厚に反比例し、100 μm では 3.45 mm に下がる(第3節)。 第五に、純水では蒸発しても組成が変わらないので差がゼロになり、脚はできない(第3節)。 第六に、分離子は「量が効くか、差が効くか」である(第4節)。 表面張力が大きいほど液は持ち上がる、と思われている──毛管上昇の式で sigma が分子にあるから、そう見える。だがワインの脚は、表面張力が最も小さい液で起き、純水では起きない。向きが逆である。効いているのは、小さいほうの数である──純水は 0.072800 N/m、12 パーセントのワインは 0.039445 で、わずかなエタノールで純水の 54.18 パーセントまで落ちる。エタノールが表面に集まる性質を持つからである。そして蒸発でエタノールが 0.12 から 0.10 へ減ると表面張力は 0.042828 へ上がり、差は 0.003383 N/m になる。この差は純水の表面張力の 4.65 パーセントしかなく、絶対値としては小さい──だが効いているのはこの小さいほうである。その小さな差が、目に見える高さを作る──膜厚 20 μm なら 17.2465 mm、2 センチ近く持ち上がる。脚が見えるのは、この大きさだからである。高さは膜厚に反比例し、100 μm では 3.4493 mm に下がる──薄い膜ほど高く上がり、厚い膜は自分の重さで負ける。そして純水では蒸発しても組成が変わらないので差がゼロになり、表面張力は 0.072800 と最も大きいのに脚はできない。これが境目である。混合物か単一成分か、片方が選択的に蒸発するかどうかで、現象が出るか出ないかが決まる。だから「表面張力が大きいと脚ができる」は二重に誤っている──向きが逆であり、しかも効いているのは量ではなく差である。分けているものは一つ──量が効くか、差が効くか。量が効くなら大きいほど強く、毛管上昇はこの型で、純水が最も高く上がる。差が効くなら一様な液では何も起きず、マランゴニ流はこの型で、どれだけ大きくても揃っていれば動かない。論文300 の基準で別根であり、一方は場の量、一方は場の勾配である。論文451 と同じ形で、そこでは断熱しているのが雪ではなく空気だった。どちらも、名前のついたものと働いているものが違う。論文448 とも重なり、そこでは合計ではなく 1 個の大きさが効いた。どちらも、素朴に足し合わせた量が答えを持っていない。だから脚の強さはアルコール度数そのものではなく、蒸発による組成変化の大きさを見る──度数が高くても蒸発しにくい環境なら差は小さく、湿度と温度が効く理由がここにある。正直に言えば──内挿式は模型である。両端は実測値に合わせてあるが中間の形は指数型と置いただけで、0.003383 という値は模型に依る。だが差がゼロなら脚が出ないという結論は、模型に依らない。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:マランゴニ効果、表面張力、ワインの涙、薄膜。

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