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The Water Load Grows as the Square, and the Dam Only as the First Power ── Ten times the depth multiplies the resultant thrust by 100 and the overturning moment by 1000 ── yet the required width only doubles ── 18.6339 m at H=50, 37.2678 at H=100, with b/H constant at 0.3727 ── [Paper 454]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

A deeper dam is thought to need a disproportionately thicker body. This paper shows that although the force grows as the square and the moment as the cube, the required width grows only as the first power──because the resisting side grows as the cube too. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──hydrostatic pressure, the centre of pressure and the overturning balance of a gravity dam are all standard. No dam is designed──foundations, uplift, seismic loading and shape optimisation are not the subject, and real design always includes them. No factor of safety is used──only the exact balance point is examined; practice allows margin. The section is approximated as rectangular──real gravity dams are nearly triangular, which changes the coefficient. Sliding is excluded──only overturning is treated; sliding on the foundation is a separate condition. Arch dams are excluded──a form that carries thrust into the abutments lies outside this balance. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 453 showed that a floor on speed appears on ice──there too, looking at one side alone misled. Paper 300 showed that common root and distinct root can be decided──“how the load grows” and “how the required dimension grows” are distinct roots by that criterion. Paper 446 showed that a floor moves with the demand──there too, a ratio between two quantities took on a life of its own. What is added is giving the thrust and its point of application at three depths, checking the closed form independently by numerical integration, giving the cubic growth of the moment as 8.000000000, giving the linear growth of the width as 2.000000000, showing b/H=0.3727 to be constant, and placing the separator at whether both sides share a power. First, ten times the depth multiplies the thrust by 100.000000000 (Section 2). Second, the point of application is not at mid-depth but at 2H/3 below the surface (Section 2). Third, this is the core of the paper. The overturning moment grows as the cube (8.000000000 for twice the depth) while the required width grows only by 2.000000000 (Section 3). Fourth, the ratio b/H is constant at 0.3727, independent of depth (Section 3). Fifth, 0.3727 is about half the practical rule of 0.7 to 0.8, the difference being the rectangular approximation (Section 4). Sixth, the separator is not which power grows, but whether both sides grow with the same power (Section 4). A deeper dam is thought to need a disproportionately thicker body──the force grows as the square and the moment as the cube, so it appears. But the resisting side also grows with depth: a taller body weighs more, and what must be compared is how both sides grow. The load side does grow steeply──ten times the depth gives 100.000000000 times the thrust, because pressure goes with depth and so does area. A 200000-step numerical integration matches the closed form to within 10^-9 relative. The point of application lies below mid-depth, at 33.3333 m for H=50, because pressure is higher lower down and the centroid is pulled downwards. So the overturning moment grows as the cube: 2.0431x10^8 N m/m at H=50, and 8.000000000 times for twice the depth. Yet the required width grows only as the first power──18.6339 m at H=50 and 37.2678 at H=100, exactly 2.000000000 times. Because the resisting moment grows as the cube as well: the weight goes with bH and the arm with b, so the moment goes with b^2H, and with b proportional to H that is H^3. Both sides share the power. So b/H is constant with depth at 0.3727──dams come out geometrically similar. Checked in reverse, the water moment 2.043052x10^8 and the weight moment 2.043052x10^8 agree to within 10^-9 relative. And 0.3727 is sqrtrho/(3rho_c): set by the density ratio alone, with depth and gravity both dropping out. One thing separates them──not which power grows, but whether both sides grow with the same power. Seen on one side, a cube is alarming: a thousandfold for ten times the depth looks unmanageable. If both sides share the power, the ratio does not move, the required dimension grows as the first power, and scaling up similarly suffices. They are distinct roots by the criterion of Paper 300, one the growth of a load and one the growth of a ratio of load to resistance. It is the same shape as Paper 453, where watching only the ceiling hid the floor: in both, a one-sided view produces the error. 0.3727 is nonetheless smaller than the practical rule of 0.7 to 0.8, because the rectangular approximation overstates the weight; a triangular section changes the coefficient. To be honest──real design always includes uplift, seismic loading, sliding and the foundation, and every one of them pushes the width up. The 0.3727 given here is a floor, not a design value. One last thing──the similarity holds because both sides come from the same physics. Water thrust and dead weight are both proportional to gravity, which is why g cancels and the same 0.3727 would hold on the Moon. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: hydrostatic pressure, gravity dam, overturning moment, centre of pressure. ----- 深いダムほど、幅は急激に太らなければならないと思われている。本稿が示すのは、力が 2 乗、モーメントが 3 乗で増えても、必要な幅は 1 乗でしか増えないことである──自重の側も 3 乗で増えるからである。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──静水圧、圧力中心、重力式ダムの転倒に対する釣り合いはすべて既知である。ダムを設計しない──基礎、揚圧力、地震力、堤体形状の最適化は主題ではない。実際の設計はこれらを必ず含む。安全率を扱わない──釣り合いのちょうどの点だけを見る。実務では余裕を取る。断面を矩形に近似する──実際の重力式ダムは三角形に近い断面を持ち、必要幅の係数が変わる。滑動を扱わない──転倒だけを見る。基礎との摩擦による滑動は別の条件である。アーチ式を含めない──両岸へ力を逃がす形式は、この釣り合いの外にある。既刊との関係:論文453 は凍結で速度の下限が立ち上がることを示した──そこでも、片側だけを見ると誤った。論文300 は同根か別根かが判定できることを示した──「力の増え方」と「必要な寸法の増え方」は、その基準で別根である。論文446 は下限が要求で動くことを示した──そこでも、二つの量の比が独り歩きした。加えたのは、三つの深さで合力と作用点を出したこと、数値積分で閉じた式を独立に確かめたこと、モーメントが 3 乗で増えることを 8.000000000 倍と出したこと、必要幅が 1 乗であることを 2.000000000 倍と出したこと、b/H=0.3727 が一定であることを示したこと、分離子を「両側が同じ指数か」に置いたことである。 第一に、深さ 10 倍で水圧の合力は 100.000000000 倍になる(第2節)。 第二に、作用点は水面と底の中央ではなく、水面下 2H/3 にある(第2節)。 第三に、これが本稿の芯である。転倒モーメントは深さの 3 乗で増える(2 倍の深さで 8.000000000 倍)のに、必要な幅は 2.000000000 倍にしかならない(第3節)。 第四に、比 b/H は 0.3727 で、深さによらず一定である(第3節)。 第五に、0.3727 は既知の目安「幅は高さの 0.7 から 0.8 倍」の半分ほどで、矩形近似のぶんだけ小さい(第4節)。 第六に、分離子は「どの指数で増えるか」ではなく「両側が同じ指数で増えるか」である(第4節)。 深いダムほど幅は急激に太らなければならない、と思われている──力が 2 乗、モーメントが 3 乗で増えるから、そう見える。だが抵抗する側も深さとともに増える。堤体が高くなれば自重も増えるので、比べるべきは両側の増え方である。荷重の側は、たしかに急に増える──深さ 10 倍で合力は 100.000000000 倍。圧力が深さに比例し、面積も深さに比例するからである。200000 分割の数値積分でも閉じた式と相対差 10^-9 未満で一致した。作用点は中央より下にあり、H=50 で水面下 33.3333 m──深いところほど圧力が高いので、重心が下へ引かれる。だから転倒モーメントは 3 乗で増え、H=50 で 2.0431x10^8 N m/m、深さ 2 倍で 8.000000000 倍になる。ところが必要な幅は 1 乗でしか増えない──H=50 で 18.6339 m、H=100 で 37.2678 m、ちょうど 2.000000000 倍である。抵抗モーメントも 3 乗で増えているからで、自重が bH に比例し腕が b に比例するので b^2H に比例し、b proportional to H なら H^3 になる。両側が同じ指数で増える。だから b/H は深さによらず 0.3727 で一定になる──ダムの形が相似になる、ということである。釣り合いを逆に確かめると、H=50 での水圧モーメント 2.043052x10^8 と自重モーメント 2.043052x10^8 が相対差 10^-9 未満で一致する。そしてこの 0.3727 は sqrtrho/(3rho_c) であり、水と堤体の密度比だけで決まる。深さも重力加速度も消える。分けているものは一つ──どの指数で増えるかではなく、両側が同じ指数で増えるか。片側だけを見れば 3 乗は恐ろしく、10 倍の深さで 1000 倍という数は手に負えないように見える。両側が同じ指数なら比は動かず、必要な寸法は 1 乗で増えるので、相似に大きくすれば済む。論文300 の基準で別根であり、一方は荷重の増え方、一方は荷重と抵抗の比の増え方である。論文453 と同じ形で、そこでは上限だけを見て下限を見落とした。どちらも、片側だけの観察が誤りを生む。ただし 0.3727 は既知の目安より小さい──実際の重力式ダムでは底面幅は高さの 0.7 から 0.8 倍が目安であり、矩形近似が自重を過大に見積もっているためで、三角形断面なら係数が変わる。正直に言えば──実際の設計は揚圧力・地震力・滑動・基礎を必ず含み、そのどれもが幅を増やす方向に働く。ここで出した 0.3727 は下限であって、設計値ではない。最後に一つ──相似則が成り立つのは、両側が同じ物理から来ているからである。水圧も自重も重力に比例するので g が両辺で消え、月面でも同じ 0.3727 になる。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:静水圧、重力式ダム、転倒モーメント、圧力中心。

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