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What Makes It Judder Is Not the Size of the Friction but the Gap Between Two ── With static 30 N, kinetic 20 N and a spring of 1000 N/m, each slip jumps 20.0000 mm ── make the two equal and the amplitude is exactly 0 ── stiffen the spring tenfold and it only falls to a tenth; it does not go ── [Paper 439]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

Heavy friction is expected to make motion jerky. This paper shows that the cause is not the size but the gap──make the two frictions equal and the motion is smooth however large they are. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──the distinction between static and kinetic friction, and the mechanism of stick-slip, are both standard. The origin of friction is not discussed──why static friction is the larger is not the subject. Velocity dependence is not treated──the detailed treatment where kinetic friction varies with sliding speed is not the subject; two constants are used. Damping is not included──in reality the oscillation damps and settles. Only the size of one slip is examined. No material values are asserted──30 N, 20 N and 1000 N/m are representative for exposition. Sound is not treated──the frequency and loudness of squeal are not the subject. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 430 showed that widening the contact does not change the friction──there too, a quantity that was moved did not move the result. Paper 300 showed that common root and distinct root can be decided──“the friction is large” and “the two frictions differ” are distinct roots by that criterion. Paper 438 showed that equal improvement leaves the ratio unmoved──there too, a difference of zero meant nothing happened. Paper 422 showed that the condition named as a rule’s core does not move the result──here too, the conspicuous quantity is not the one acting. What is added is giving the amplitude of one slip as 20.0000 mm, placing the equal-friction case at exactly 0 as the other side of the boundary, tabulating the amplitude at four ratios, showing the inverse relation with spring stiffness, showing that stiffening does not remove it, and placing the separator at “size or gap”. First, this is the core of the paper. The amplitude of one slip is 2(F_s-F_k)/k, giving 20.0000 mm for static 30 N, kinetic 20 N and a spring of 1000 N/m (Section 2). Second, if the two frictions are equal, the amplitude is exactly 0 (Section 3). Third, raising the ratio to 1.1, 1.5 and 2.0 gives 5.4545, 20.0000 and 30.0000 mm, increasing monotonically (Section 3). Fourth, stiffening the spring tenfold takes the amplitude from 20.0000 to 2.0000 mm, exactly a tenth (Section 3). Fifth, but it does not go: so long as the ratio is not 1, the amplitude remains (Section 3). Sixth, the separator is the size of the friction against the gap between two frictions (Section 4). Heavy friction is expected to make motion jerky──drag something heavy and it judders, so the size looks like the cause──but what appears in the expression is the gap F_s-F_k, and neither friction appears on its own. Each slip jumps unmistakably──with static 30 N, kinetic 20 N and a spring of 1000 N/m, the amplitude is 2(30-20)/1000=20.0000 mm. Pulling by hand the jump is plain: the object is not moving smoothly but stopping and jumping. Neither load nor area appears in the expression──the same vanishing as when shape left the friction coefficient in Paper 430──so raising both frictions together leaves the amplitude unmoved, and pressing harder changes nothing. Zero gap, zero amplitude──at a static-to-kinetic ratio of exactly 1, the friction is still 30 N and yet the amplitude is exactly 0. Raising the ratio to 1.1, 1.5 and 2.0 gives 5.4545, 20.0000 and 30.0000 mm, and even a tenth of a gap jumps five millimetres. Stiffening the spring tenfold takes the amplitude to 2.0000 mm, exactly a tenth, so a stiffer machine judders less. But it does not go──so long as the ratio is not 1 the amplitude stays positive however stiff the spring, and stiffness dilutes the symptom without removing the cause. One thing separates them──the size of the friction, or the gap between two frictions. Move the size with the gap unchanged and nothing moves; move the gap and the amplitude runs from 0 to 30 mm. They are distinct roots by the criterion of Paper 300: both are blamed on friction, but one is a level and one the gap between two levels. So there are two remedies──reduce the gap by changing the lubrication, or stiffen the spring──and the first treats the cause while the second treats the symptom. And “switch to a slipperier material” need not help, since small friction with a large gap still jumps: what to choose is friction with a small gap. To be honest──kinetic friction has been treated as a constant. In reality it varies with sliding speed and that dependence shapes the oscillation. What does not change is that a zero gap gives a zero amplitude. One last thing──damping is not included either. Real oscillations settle. What is given is the size of one slip, not the history that follows. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: stick-slip, static friction, kinetic friction, friction-induced vibration. ----- 摩擦が大きいと、動きがぎくしゃくすると思われている。本稿が示すのは、原因が大きさではなく差であることである──二つの摩擦が等しければ、摩擦がどれだけ大きくても滑らかに動く。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──静止摩擦と動摩擦の区別、スティックスリップの機構はどちらも既知である。摩擦の起源を論じない──なぜ静止摩擦のほうが大きいのかという議論は主題ではない。速度依存を扱わない──動摩擦が滑り速度で変わる場合の詳しい扱いは主題ではなく、本稿は二つの定数で近似する。減衰を入れない──実際には振動が減衰し、振幅は次第に落ち着く。本稿は一回の滑りの大きさだけを見る。材料の値を主張しない──30 N・20 N・1000 N/m は説明のための代表値である。音を扱わない──きしみ音の周波数や音圧は主題ではない。既刊との関係:論文430 は見かけの面積を広げても摩擦力が変わらないことを示した──そこでも、動かした量が結果を動かさなかった。論文300 は同根か別根かが判定できることを示した──「摩擦が大きい」と「二つの摩擦が違う」は、その基準で別根である。論文438 は双方が同じだけ改良すると比が動かないことを示した──そこでも、差がゼロなら何も起きなかった。論文422 は核心と名指された条件が結果を動かさないことを示した──ここでも、大きさという目立つ量が効いていない。加えたのは、一回の滑りの振幅を 20.0000 mm と数に出したこと、差がゼロなら振幅がちょうど 0 になることを境目の反対側に置いたこと、四つの比で振幅を並べたこと、ばねの硬さと振幅が逆比になることを示したこと、硬くしても消えないことを示したこと、分離子を「大きさか差か」に置いたことである。 第一に、これが本稿の芯である。一回の滑りの振幅は 2(F_s-F_k)/k で、静止 30 N・動 20 N・ばね 1000 N/m なら 20.0000 mm である(第2節)。 第二に、二つの摩擦が等しければ、振幅はちょうど 0 になる(第3節)。 第三に、比を 1.1・1.5・2.0 と上げると、振幅は 5.4545・20.0000・30.0000 mm と単調に増える(第3節)。 第四に、ばねを 10 倍硬くすると、振幅は 20.0000 から 2.0000 mm へ、ちょうど 1/10 になる(第3節)。 第五に、ただし硬くしても消えない。比が 1 でない限り、振幅は残る(第3節)。 第六に、分離子は「摩擦の大きさか、二つの摩擦の差か」である(第4節)。 摩擦が大きいと動きがぎくしゃくすると思われている──重いものは引きずるとがたつくので、大きさが原因に見える。だが式に入っているのは差 F_s-F_k であって、F_s も F_k も単独では現れない。一回の滑りは、はっきり飛ぶ──静止摩擦 30 N・動摩擦 20 N・ばね 1000 N/m なら、振幅は 2(30-20)/1000=20.0000 mm である。手で引いていれば分かる飛び方で、滑らかに動いているのではなく、止まっては飛んでいる。この式に荷重も面積も入っておらず、論文430 で摩擦係数から形が消えたのと同じ形の消え方をしている。だから F_s と F_k を同じだけ増やしても振幅は動かず、もっと強く押しつけても飛び方は同じである。差がゼロなら、振幅もゼロである──静/動の比がちょうど 1 なら、摩擦が 30 N もあるのに振幅はちょうど 0 になる。比を 1.1・1.5・2.0 と上げると 5.4545・20.0000・30.0000 mm と単調に増え、一割の差でも五ミリ飛ぶ。ばねを 10 倍硬くすると振幅は 2.0000 mm へちょうど 1/10 になるので、機械を剛にすればびくつきは小さくなる。ただし消えない──比が 1 でない限り、どれだけ硬くしても振幅は正のまま残るので、剛性は症状を薄めるだけで原因を取り除かない。分けているものは一つ──摩擦の大きさか、二つの摩擦の差か。大きさを動かしても差が同じなら振幅は動かず、差を動かせば 0 から 30 mm まで動く。論文300 の基準で別根であり、どちらも「摩擦のせい」と呼ばれるが、一方は水準、一方は二つの水準の差である。だから直し方も二通りあり、差を減らす(潤滑を変える)のは原因を、ばねを硬くするのは症状を扱う。そして「よく滑る材料に替える」は必ずしも効かない──摩擦が小さくても差が大きければ飛ぶので、選ぶべきは小さい摩擦ではなく差の小さい摩擦である。正直に言えば──本稿は動摩擦を定数として扱った。実際には滑り速度で変わり、その依存が振動の形を決める。変わらないのは、差がゼロなら振幅もゼロだという点である。最後に一つ──減衰も入れていない。実際の振動は次第に落ち着く。本稿が出したのは一回の滑りの大きさであって、その後の履歴ではない。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:スティックスリップ、静止摩擦、動摩擦、摩擦振動。

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