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The Same Proportional Increase Buys Less at the Top ── Raising the compression ratio by 1.3333 gains +0.0531 in efficiency starting from 6 but only +0.0359 starting from 16 ── the ratio is 1.480429, matching the closed form (r_2/r_1)^gamma-1 exactly ── an efficiency of 0.70 needs a ratio of 20.2860 ── [Paper 468]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

Raising the compression ratio raises efficiency──so it is said. This paper shows that the same proportional increase buys 1.480429 times less at the top──and that the ratio has a closed form. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──the theoretical efficiency of the Otto cycle, the ratio of specific heats and adiabatic processes are all standard. No engine is designed──combustion, ignition timing, knock, emissions and materials are not the subject, and real design is bound tightly by them. No real efficiency is asserted──friction, heat loss, pumping loss and incomplete combustion are all excluded; real efficiency is far lower. The specific heat ratio is constant──gamma=1.4 is used, though it varies with temperature and composition. Other cycles are excluded──Diesel, Miller, Atkinson and Brayton are not the subject. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 467 showed that making a quantity additive can cost it its even spacing──there too, the form of the transformation set the effect. Paper 300 showed that common root and distinct root can be decided──“an additive improvement” and “a power-law improvement” are distinct roots by that criterion. Paper 458 showed that the lift coefficient acts only through a square root──there too, an exponent defeated intuition. What is added is tabulating the efficiency at six compression ratios, giving the ratio of gains at fixed proportional increase as 1.480429, confirming it against the closed form at two starting points, solving for the ratio giving 0.70 as 20.2860 and matching the closed form, and placing the separator at additive versus power. First, a compression ratio of 8 gives a theoretical efficiency of 0.5647, matching the standard figure (Section 2). Second, even a ratio of 20 gives only 0.6983 (Section 2). Third, this is the core of the paper. The same 1.3333 gains +0.0531 from 6 but +0.0359 from 16, a ratio of 1.480429 (Section 3). Fourth, that ratio matches the closed form (r_2/r_1)^gamma-1 exactly (Section 3). Fifth, an efficiency of 0.70 needs a ratio of 20.2860, and even 1000 gives only 0.936904 (Section 3). Sixth, the separator is whether the effect is additive or a power (Section 4). Raising the compression ratio raises efficiency──so it is said──eta is increasing in r and there is no lie in that. But there are two ways of raising it: adding two is not multiplying by 1.33, and which sense of “the same increase” is meant changes the answer. First, the room for improvement is smaller than it looks──a compression ratio of 8 gives a theoretical efficiency of 0.5647, matching the textbook figure for a petrol engine. Raising the ratio from 6 to 20, a factor of 3.33, takes the efficiency only from 0.5116 to 0.6983, a factor of 1.36: a small return on a large increase. And at a ratio of 1 the efficiency is exactly 0.000000000000000──no compression, no work, which confirms the expression. And the effect depends on where one starts──the same 1.3333 increase gains +0.0531 from 6 but only +0.0359 from 16, so the top buys 1.480429 times less: the same effort returning two thirds. And the ratio matches the closed form (r_2/r_1)^gamma-1 exactly, (16/6)^0.4=1.480429, to within 10^-9 relative. The same formula holds from other starting points, 9->12 against 30->40 matching (40/12)^0.4: structure, not coincidence. I first estimated this ratio at “over three” and was wrong, the computed value being 1.8845. Rewriting the test as a closed form rather than fitting the threshold to the result is what made it meaningful. An efficiency of 0.70 needs a ratio of 20.2860, matching 0.30^1/(1-gamma), and a ratio of 100 gives 0.8415 while 1000 gives 0.936904: never reaching 1 in finite compression. One thing separates them──is the effect additive, or a power. Additive, and the same increase returns the same from anywhere, making improvements easy to forecast. A power, and the return depends on the starting point, falling off by (r_2/r_1)^gamma-1: without saying where one is, the effect is undetermined. They are distinct roots by the criterion of Paper 300, one a property of the operation and one of the operation paired with a starting point. This stands where Paper 458 stands, where the lift coefficient acted only through a square root: here the compression ratio acts only through the power 0.4. It overlaps Paper 467 too, where making a quantity additive cost it its even spacing: the same structure. So a proposal to “raise the compression ratio” should carry the present value──from 6 or from 16 differs by 1.48 in return, one phrase naming two different effects. To be honest──these are theoretical values, not real efficiencies. Friction, heat loss, pumping loss and incomplete combustion are all excluded and real efficiency is far lower; and at high compression a different wall, knock, stands in the way. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: Otto cycle, compression ratio, thermal efficiency, heat capacity ratio, internal combustion engine. ----- 圧縮比を上げれば効率が上がる、と言われる。本稿が示すのは、同じ倍率で上げても、高い側では効きが 1.480429 分の 1 に落ちることである──そしてその比は、閉じた式で書ける。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──オットーサイクルの理論熱効率、比熱比、断熱過程はすべて既知である。機関を設計しない──燃焼、点火時期、ノッキング、排出、材料は主題ではない。実際の設計はこれらに強く縛られる。実機の効率を主張しない──摩擦、熱損失、ポンプ損失、不完全燃焼をいずれも含めていない。実際の効率はこれより大きく低い。比熱比を定数とする──gamma=1.4 と置いた。実際は温度と組成で変わる。他のサイクルを扱わない──ディーゼル、ミラー、アトキンソン、ブレイトンは主題ではない。既刊との関係:論文467 は足せる量に直すと等間隔でなくなることを示した──そこでも、変換の形が効きを決めた。論文300 は同根か別根かが判定できることを示した──「加算で効く改善」と「冪で効く改善」は、その基準で別根である。論文458 は揚力係数が平方根でしか効かないことを示した──そこでも、指数が直観を裏切った。加えたのは、六つの圧縮比で理論熱効率を出したこと、同じ倍率での効きの比を 1.480429 と出したこと、それが閉じた式と厳密に一致することを二つの起点で確かめたこと、効率 0.70 に要る圧縮比を 20.2860 と出して閉じた式と照合したこと、分離子を「加算か冪か」に置いたことである。 第一に、圧縮比 8 の理論熱効率は 0.5647 で、既知の値と合う(第2節)。 第二に、圧縮比 20 でも 0.6983 にしかならない(第2節)。 第三に、これが本稿の芯である。同じ 1.3333 倍でも、6 からは +0.0531、16 からは +0.0359 で、比は 1.480429 である(第3節)。 第四に、その比は閉じた式 (r_2/r_1)^gamma-1 と厳密に一致する(第3節)。 第五に、効率 0.70 には圧縮比 20.2860 が要り、1000 にしても 0.936904 で 1 に届かない(第3節)。 第六に、分離子は「加算で効くか、冪で効くか」である(第4節)。 圧縮比を上げれば効率が上がる、と言われる──eta は r の増加関数だから、その部分に嘘はない。だが上げ方には二通りある。2 足すのと 1.33 倍するのは違い、どちらの意味で「同じだけ上げる」のかで答えが変わる。まず、伸びしろは思ったより小さい──圧縮比 8 の理論熱効率は 0.5647 で、ガソリン機関の教科書的な数と合う。圧縮比を 6 から 20 へ 3.33 倍にしても、効率は 0.5116 から 0.6983 へ 1.36 倍にしかならない。入力の伸びに対して、出力の伸びが小さい。そして圧縮比 1 で効率はちょうど 0.000000000000000 になり、圧縮しなければ仕事が取れないことが式の確認にもなっている。そして効きが、起点で変わる──同じ 1.3333 倍の操作でも、6->8 では +0.0531、16->21.33 では +0.0359 で、高い側では 1.480429 分の 1 にしかならない。同じ努力が 3 分の 2 の見返りになる。そしてこの比は閉じた式 (r_2/r_1)^gamma-1 と厳密に一致する──(16/6)^0.4=1.480429 で、相対差 10^-9 未満。9->12 と 30->40 という別の起点でも同じ式が成り立ち、偶然ではなく構造であることが分かる。私は最初この比を「3 倍を超える」と見積もって外した。実測は 1.8845 だった。閾値を実測に合わせるのではなく閉じた式に書き直すことで、検査が意味を持つようになった。効率 0.70 に要る圧縮比は 20.2860 で、閉じた式 0.30^1/(1-gamma) と一致する。そして圧縮比を 100 にしても 0.8415、1000 にしても 0.936904 で、1 には有限では届かない。分けているものは一つ──加算で効くか、冪で効くか。加算で効くならどこから上げても同じだけ返り、+2 はいつでも +2 ぶんで、改善の見積もりが立てやすい。冪で効くなら起点によって返りが変わり、同じ倍率でも (r_2/r_1)^gamma-1 の比で落ちる。どこにいるかを言わなければ、効果が決まらない。論文300 の基準で別根であり、一方は操作の量、一方は操作と起点の組の量である。論文458 と同じ場所にいて、そこでは揚力係数が平方根でしか失速速度に効かなかった。ここでは圧縮比が gamma-1=0.4 乗でしか効かない。論文467 とも重なり、そこでは足せる量に直すと等間隔でなくなった。ここでは対数に直せば加算になるが、元の圧縮比の上では等間隔でない。だから「圧縮比を上げる」という提案には現在値を添える──6 からなのか 16 からなのかで見返りが 1.48 倍違い、同じ言葉が別の効果を指している。正直に言えば──これは理論値であって実機の効率ではない。摩擦、熱損失、ポンプ損失、不完全燃焼をいずれも含めておらず、実際の効率はこれより大きく低い。そして高圧縮比では、ノッキングという別の壁が立つ。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:オットーサイクル、圧縮比、熱効率、比熱比、内燃機関。

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