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small language model

2,883 papers

#small language model Open access Sep 2026

The Oldest Age a Ring Can Read Is Set Not by the Clock but by Whether the Ring Can Be Seen ── at a resolution of 1 mum, daily rings can be read to 3.0060 years and annual rings to 22.1871 years, a difference of 19.1811 years ── the separator is whether the rings are made by a daily or a yearly cycle, and whether the rings can be seen ── [Paper 656]

The small stone in a fish's ear (the otolith) carries rings, like the rings of a tree. In young fish one ring a day (daily rings) can be counted, and in grown fish one ring a year (annual rings), and age is read from them. But the slower the growth, the thinner the rings, until the microscope can no longer tell them ap...

Yuuki Yamagishi · 0 citations
#explainable ai Open access Sep 2026

Topological and Geometric Native Coding for Higher Dimensional Programming

Abstract This record contains the comprehensive monograph, "Topological and Geometric Native Coding for Higher Dimensional Programming" by Elias Oulad Brahim (September 2026). The research introduces ToposLang and the novel paradigm of Geometric Native Coding (GNC), which challenges the structural limitations of the cl...

Elias Oulad Brahim · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Sep 2026

Selecting GPTQ Damping from the Calibration Set by Nested-Ridge Leave-One-Out

GPTQ-style quantization damps the calibration Hessian by a fixed fraction of its mean diagonal (one percent in the GPTQ authors' code, five percent in a maintained implementation), a choice that ignores how many calibration rows there are. Small tabular, time-series and text-embedding foundation models can be calibrate...

Guan-Yuan Chen, Ya-Fen Yeh · 0 citations
#small language model Review Open access Sep 2026

Systemic Perioperative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Penile Prosthesis Implantation: A Systematic Review

Background and Objectives: Penile prosthesis infection usually ends in device removal, whereas unnecessarily broad or prolonged prophylaxis causes toxicity and promotes resistance. We assessed whether the systemic perioperative antibacterial or antifungal strategy, dose or duration is associated with infection, infecti...

Felix Bratosin, Talida Georgiana Cut, Yuthik Nara et al. · 0 citations
#large language models Open access Sep 2026

c as the Ball of Velocity Space ── 2nd ed.: This Was a Result About c, Not About 4 pi (the Yamagishi Patch and Thomas Precession) ── [Paper 60]

c as the Ball of Velocity Space — second edition: this was a result about c, not about four pi. In special relativity the set of admissible velocities is a ball of radius c, and under the metric induced by the velocity-addition law it is hyperbolic space of curvature minus one over c squared (Varicak 1910). Here the re...

Yuuki Yamagishi · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Sep 2026

SGC-SLM: The Structural-Guarantee Cost of Small Language Models

Reusable protocol and artifact measuring the cost of guaranteeing verifiable structured output from locally-run Small Language Models across native, few-shot, and grammar-constrained decoding, over a contract-complexity gradient and two sovereign high-risk domains.

Randerson Oliveira Melville Rebouças · 0 citations

Comparing the Marking Accuracy of an AI Marking System with Official Examination Board Marks and Experienced Teacher Judgement A Case Study in GCSE Physics

Automated marking systems built on large language models are increasingly proposed as a way toreduce teacher workload and to provide fast, formative feedback on examination-style questions.Before such systems can be trusted for either formative or summative use, however, their markingaccuracy needs to be quantified aga...

Ismail Bozdag, Manting Qiu · 0 citations
#large language models Open access Sep 2026

The ABC Conjecture Is a Theorem for Polynomials and a Conjecture for Integers: Integers Lack the Derivative ── for polynomials maxdeg never exceeds the number of distinct roots minus 1 (the Mason--Stothers theorem), so the same inequality never fails ── its proof uses that the Wronskian ab'-a'b is divisible by the repeated part of the roots, and integers have no such derivative ── [Paper 641]

For coprime positive integers a+b=c, write rad(abc) for the product of the distinct primes dividing abc, and define the quality q=log c/lograd(abc). The ABC conjecture says that for every epsilon>0 only finitely many triples have q>1+epsilon. The same question can be posed for polynomials, where it is a theorem. This p...

Yuuki Yamagishi · 0 citations
#large language models Open access Sep 2026

Statutory-Domain Asymmetry in LLM Compliance Guardrails: A Cross-Model Study of Hard Refusal Failure and Soft Gating Collapse in Enterprise HR Contexts

We evaluate the resilience of two frontier LLMs—Gemini 3.1 Flash and Claude Sonnet 5—against executive-authority pressure to draft unlawful HR documents across ten U.S. employment-law domains: ADEA, NLRA, ADA, Title VII, FLSA, FMLA, OSHA §11(c), ERISA §510, SOX §806, and PWFA/PDA. Each scenario-model pairing in the ori...

Prachi Sharma · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Sep 2026

The development of expectations and value beliefs among international students in Germany over the study course: Effects of sociodemographic characteristics, subject groups and their intersectional interplay

A differentiated understanding of the motivational trajectories of international students in Germany is crucial to support their study success. Drawing on the Situated Expectancy-Value Theory (SEVT), we investigated the development of international students’ expectations and value beliefs over the study course. We also...

Judith Sarah Preuß, Julia Zimmermann, Kathrin Jonkmann · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Sep 2026

Translating scores into meaning: a co-produced forum for patient-reported outcome measure interpretation in pediatric congenital heart disease

Patient and public involvement (PPI) and co-production are intended to increase the relevance and uptake of health research, yet structured ways of jointly interpreting patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) data in real time remain limited. We developed and tested a PROM-anchored participatory forum within a longitud...

Jana Willems, Anna Eyrich, Jens Terjung et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Book Open access Oct 2026

The Choose-Your-Own-Adventure Calculus

The paper shows that programming language theory can be used to study not just languages, but also rich interactive programming systems, and argues that such systems deserve at least as much attention as languages.

T. Petříček, J. Verter, Mikolas Fromm · 0 citations

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