Neural Tree Collaborative Filtering: Rethinking Graph Collaborative Filtering as Tree Collaborative Filtering with Curvature-Aware Propagation Depth

Abstract

Graph Collaborative Filtering (GCF) has become the dominant paradigm in modern recommender systems by modeling user-item interactions as a bipartite graph and propagating embeddings through a fixed number of message-passing layers. However, applying a uniform propagation depth to every node ignores a fundamental property of real interaction graphs: nodes differ substantially in their local connectivity, so peripheral nodes quickly suffer from over-smoothing while hub-like nodes remain under-explored beyond their immediate neighborhood. In this paper, we revisit GCF from a tree-structured perspective and propose Neural Tree Collaborative Filtering (NTCF), a framework that re-interprets each node's local neighborhood as a rooted tree and assigns a node-specific propagation depth based on a closed-form local-degree-imbalance score that serves as a discrete Ricci-curvature proxy. We provide a theoretical analysis showing that (i) NTCF strictly generalizes NGCF, degenerating to NGCF when all curvature-induced depth adjustments vanish (a lower bound on its representation power), and (ii) the curvature-aware schedule retains strictly more discriminative information at deep layers on positively-curved (peripheral) nodes than uniform-depth propagation. NTCF can achieve higher performance than most widely used GCF backbone models and can be integrated into existing advanced self-supervised models as a backbone, replacing their original backbone to achieve enhanced performance. Extensive experiments on three public datasets demonstrate the superiority of NTCF.