ChatGPT-4o as a decision-support tool in a urological tumour board: a prospective evaluation.

Evaluating the Accuracy of ChatGPT-4o in Addressing Complex Clinical Questions Based on NCCN Guidelines for Rectal Adenocarcinoma.

ChatGPT-4o demonstrates high concordance with NCCN rectal cancer guidelines across all evaluated clinical domains with notable improvement over prior ChatGPT iterations evaluated by this group.

Guideline Concordance of Large Language Models in the Management of Ureteral Stones: A Clinical Vignette-Based Comparative Study

The evaluated LLMs showed high concordance with EAU 2026 first-line treatment recommendations for ureteral stones, and Concordance was complete in non–priority-sensitive scenarios requiring URS prioritization.

The doctors of the future: the competition of ChatGPT-4, ChatGPT-4 omni, and Gemini 2.0 Flash in andrology.

ChatGPT-4o emerged as the most reliable model for andrology-related questions, providing responses that are were highly consistent with current clinical guidelines, suggesting that error-awareness mechanisms in large language models have the potential for further refinement.

Accuracy, Completeness, and Clarity of an AI-Based Chatbot for the EAU Neuro-Urology Guidelines.

The EAU Guidelines Bot showed excellent accuracy, completeness, and clarity when applied to neuro-urology guideline-based questions, and was comparable to that of ChatGPT 5.5, with both systems providing highly accurate guideline-concordant responses.

Evaluating the potential of ChatGPT as an educational decision-support tool for hemodialysis decision-making in nephrology training

It is suggested that ChatGPT may align more closely with nephrology fellows’ decision-making than with senior nephrologists’ judgments, and may have potential as an educational tool for trainees, encouraging systematic evaluation of HD indications and structured clinical reasoning.

Guideline-based evaluation of large language models for patient counselling before robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: accuracy, safety, and readability