RePro: Training Language Models to Faithfully Recycle the Web for Pretraining

Abstract

High-quality data is a cornerstone of large language model (LLM) pretraining, yet its growth has not kept pace with the needs of frontier models. In this paper, we introduce RePro, a novel web recycling method that trains a relatively small LM with reinforcement learning to generate effective and faithful rephrasings of pretraining data. Specifically, we design one quality reward and three faithfulness rewards, optimizing the LM rephraser to convert organic data into high-quality rephrasings while maintaining its core semantics and structure. In our experiment, we train a rephraser as small as 1B parameters to recycle 72B tokens sampled from DCLM-RefinedWeb. Pretraining results on 400M, 1.4B, and 2.8B models demonstrate that RePro delivers 3.7%-14.5% relative accuracy gains over organic-only baseline on 22 downstream tasks, doubling the performance gains achieved by the state-of-the-art web recycling method that prompts a 70B rephraser. Experiments with different amounts of recycled data highlight that RePro improves organic data efficiency by 2-3x. Individual and distributional analyses validate that RePro preserves more critical information and faithfully reflects the characteristics of organic data compared to prompting-based methods. Together, these results show that RePro provides an efficient and controllable path to effectively recycle organic data for pretraining. Our code is available at https://github.com/cxcscmu/RePro.