SchemaGUI: A Schema-Driven Benchmark for Controllable GUI Generation Evaluation

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong potential in graphical user interface (GUI) generation, but reliable evaluation remains challenging due to uncontrolled data distributions, noisy annotations, and limited layout scenario coverage. To address this, we propose SchemaGUI, a template-based benchmark for controllable GUI generation evaluation. By synthesizing paired natural language instructions and deterministic function-call references from parameterized interface schemas, SchemaGUI can generate thousands of deterministically annotated tasks in seconds without human labeling. Based on 1,000 evaluated instances per scenario and language across six representative bilingual scenarios, we benchmark five mainstream models, including the Qwen3.5 family, Qwen3-Coder-30B, and DeepSeek-R1. Our extensive analysis reveals three key insights. First, precise geometric spatial control remains an important bottleneck; while scaling Qwen3.5 from 4B to 27B improves Schema Feasibility from 91.56% to 99.63%, the Geometry score improves more modestly (from 67.05% to 75.30%). Second, generation difficulty is highly sensitive to layout complexity, with current LLMs excelling at simple sequential arrangements but suffering severe coordinate drift in dense grids and multi-region compositions. Third, thinking mode increases token consumption while generally reducing GUI Score, particularly for smaller models.