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#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access

TopoBrick: Agentic Topology Sampling of Exogenous Variables for Zero-Shot Building IoT Forecasting

Xiachong Lin Du Yin Arian Prabowo Hao Xue Wen Hu Imran Razzak Matthew Amos Sam Behrens Flora D. Salim
Sep 2026
Artificial Intelligence

Abstract

Building sensors are embedded in physical topology, spatial hierarchy, and operational context, yet existing forecasters often treat them as isolated time series or rely on fixed covariate sets. We present TopoBrick, a training-free framework for zero-shot building IoT (Internet-of-Things) forecasting. TopoBrick uses building knowledge graphs to construct a compact structural skeleton and employs an agentic topology sampler to select target-specific exogenous variables. The selected variables are organized by deployment-time availability, separating past-known sensor states from future-known calendar, schedule, and meteorological exogenous variables. Across three real-world buildings, TopoBrick outperforms strong zero-shot foundation-model baselines and remains competitive with fully trained building-specific models. Ablations show that topology-aware sampling is more reliable than random, ontology-only, or fixed-hop selection, especially for physically coupled HVAC and weather-driven sensing variables.

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