Future Directions in Pepper Breeding: Perspectives from the Pepper Breeding Panel at the 27th International Pepper Conference

Abstract

Pepper ( Capsicum spp.) breeding is undergoing rapid change driven by climate change, evolving pest and disease pressures, specialized markets, and advances in breeding technology. To examine priorities for the next generation of pepper improvement, a panel session was organized during the 27th International Pepper Conference in Bangkok, Thailand. Scientists and industry representatives from universities, international agricultural research organizations and private seed companies discussed major scientific, institutional, and market challenges facing global pepper breeding programs. This paper synthesizes the discussion and identifies key priorities for future progress. Emerging technologies including genomic prediction, genome-wide association study–informed selection, multiomics breeding, precision gene editing, speed breeding, and high-throughput phenotyping are increasing selection precision and shortening breeding cycles. However, accurate phenotyping, multienvironment field validation, and breeder experience remain essential for improving complex traits such as heat tolerance, fruit set stability, and durable disease resistance. Climate change is shifting priorities toward resilience, adaptation, and stable productivity under variable conditions. Demand-led breeding is also becoming increasingly important as markets require specific fruit quality, shelf life, processing traits, and consumer preferences. Panelists highlighted institutional constraints including limited infrastructure, short funding cycles, regulatory barriers to germplasm exchange, and the need for stronger public–private collaboration. Future progress will depend on integrating precision technologies with practical breeding, strong seed systems, and coordinated partnerships from genebanks to end users.