Assessment of childhood disease patterns in outpatient settings: a retrospective study from 2016 to 2020

[Significance of the multi-pathogen surveillance of pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections in Beijing from 2024 to 2025].

Epidemiological Characteristics and In-Hospital Burden of Infectious Mononucleosis Among Hospitalized Children in China, 2021-2023.

This multicenter study described the epidemiological characteristics, recorded first-ranked secondary diagnoses, and in-hospital burden of pediatric infectious mononucleosis (IM) hospitalizations in China during 2021-2023. Data were obtained from the FUTURE database. We identified hospitalizations with IM as the principal discharge diagnosis from discharge-record front pages at 31 tertiary children's hospitals between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2023, and analyzed demographic, geographic, temporal, diagnostic, length-of-stay (LOS), and expense data using descriptive statistics and multivariable regression. Among 15,239 IM hospitalizations, representing 0.42% of all hospitalizations, the male-to-female ratio was 1.34. Children aged 4-6 years comprised the largest group, followed by those aged 1-3 and 7-12 years; 70.32% were urban residents, and admissions peaked in August and September. After adjustment for age, sex, seven-category geographic area, and month, the proportion of IM hospitalizations among all hospitalizations was lower in 2023 than in 2021-2022 (adjusted rate ratio, 0.822; 95% CI, 0.784-0.861; P < 0.001). A first-ranked secondary diagnosis was recorded in 68.29% of cases; bronchitis/pneumonia was the most common category, followed by hepatic dysfunction. Median LOS was 7 days, and median hospitalization expense was CNY 5,563.07. Encephalitis was recorded in only 15 cases but had the longest descriptive LOS and highest descriptive expenses. These findings provide a large multicenter baseline for the epidemiological patterns and in-hospital burden of pediatric IM hospitalizations across participating tertiary children's hospitals in China and may inform future surveillance and resource planning.

Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of Disease Severity in Hospitalized Children with COVID-19: A Study from the Early Pandemic Period

Trends and outcomes of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in hospitalized children before, during, and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a retrospective study in Northeast China, 2018–2023

ABSTRACT Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is the most common form of community-acquired pneumonia, which shows an epidemic interval of 3–7 years. This study was conducted to understand the changing trends in MPP in children hospitalized before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and determine adverse outcomes and their influencing factors. This was a retrospective cohort study of children aged 28 days to 14 years hospitalized for MPP at our institution between January 2018 and December 2023. Clinical characteristics, adverse outcomes, and associated factors were analyzed using the chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 17,505 MPP cases were included, with the highest case number (4,619) in 2023. In 2023, the proportion of severe pneumonia was 44.1%, and bronchoscopy usage was 33.5%, both significantly higher than in 2018–2022. Older age, admission during July–December, co-infection with Epstein-Barr virus, chlamydia, or other bacteria, and complications, including pleural effusion, abnormal liver enzymes, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or atelectasis, were associated with bronchoscopy. Older age, admission during October–December, co-infection with respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, chlamydia, or other bacteria, and complications, including cardiac failure, abnormal liver enzymes, myocardial damage, or anemia, were associated with severe pneumonia. Cases of MPP, severe pneumonia, and those requiring bronchoscopy increased in 2023 compared with the five previous years. Children with MPP were more susceptible to adverse clinical outcomes, which were associated with age, month of admission, co-infection, and complications. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children. This study analyzed 17,505 hospitalized children in Northeast China from 2018 to 2023 to explore MPP trends before, during, and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We found a sharp resurgence of MPP in 2023 with higher rates of severe pneumonia, complications, and bronchoscopy use. Key risk factors for adverse outcomes included older age, admission in October–December, viral/bacterial co-infection, and pulmonary or extrapulmonary complications. These findings improve understanding of post-pandemic MPP epidemiology, support early risk stratification, and help optimize clinical management and public health interventions for childhood MPP. Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children. This study analyzed 17,505 hospitalized children in Northeast China from 2018 to 2023 to explore MPP trends before, during, and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We found a sharp resurgence of MPP in 2023 with higher rates of severe pneumonia, complications, and bronchoscopy use. Key risk factors for adverse outcomes included older age, admission in October–December, viral/bacterial co-infection, and pulmonary or extrapulmonary complications. These findings improve understanding of post-pandemic MPP epidemiology, support early risk stratification, and help optimize clinical management and public health interventions for childhood MPP.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF HOSPITALIZATIONS DUE TO YELLOW FEVER IN BRAZIL FROM 2020 TO 2025

Yellow fever is an acute infectious disease of public health importance, with potential progression to severe disease and death. In Brazil, transmission occurs predominantly through the sylvatic cycle and is influenced by viral circulation, vectors and non-human primates, environmental conditions, and vaccination coverage. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological profile of yellow fever hospitalizations in Brazil between 2020 and 2025. An ecological, descriptive, retrospective epidemiological study was conducted using secondary data from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SIH/SUS), obtained through DATASUS/TABNET, using ICD-10 category A95. Hospitalizations, deaths, and hospital mortality rates were analyzed according to year, geographic region, sex, age group, and race/skin color. A total of 354 hospitalizations and 13 deaths were identified during the study period, with a reduction in records between 2020 and 2023, followed by a marked increase in 2024 and 2025. The highest number of hospitalizations occurred in 2025 (134), while the Northeast region had the highest cumulative number of records (135). Males accounted for 60.7% of hospitalizations, individuals classified as brown for 69.2%, and the 20–29-year age group had the highest number of hospitalizations (43). The highest hospital mortality rate occurred in 2025 (6.72%). The findings demonstrate substantial temporal, regional, and sociodemographic heterogeneity, highlighting the need to strengthen vaccination, epidemiological surveillance, and healthcare professional training.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF MEASLES HOSPITALIZATIONS IN BRAZIL FROM 2020 TO 2025

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological profile of hospital admissions due to measles in Brazil from 2020 to 2025. Methods: This was an ecological, descriptive, retrospective study based on secondary data from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SIH/SUS), available through DATASUS/TABNET. Hospital admissions, deaths, and mortality rates were analyzed according to year, geographic region, sex, race/ethnicity, and age group, considering measles as the primary diagnosis (ICD-10 B05). Results: A total of 940 hospital admissions and eight deaths were recorded during the study period. A marked reduction in hospital admissions was observed between 2020 and 2023, followed by a slight increase in 2024 and 2025. The North region accounted for the highest proportion of hospitalizations (58.62%), while children under 1 year of age had the highest number of admissions, followed by those aged 1 to 4 years. The highest proportional mortality was observed among individuals aged 80 years or older. Hospitalizations were similarly distributed between sexes, with a predominance of the brown race/ethnicity category among records with available information. Conclusion: Measles-related hospital admissions decreased substantially during the study period; however, the persistence of hospitalizations and the increase observed in recent years highlight the need to maintain high vaccination coverage, continuous epidemiological surveillance, timely diagnosis, and ongoing training of healthcare professionals to prevent viral reintroduction and sustained transmission in Brazil.