Marine heatwaves in the Northern Indian Ocean as an emerging driver of Indian Summer Monsoon variability

Multiscale ENSO–IOD–MJO Interactions Modulating Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall Variability

The Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) is strongly influenced by large-scale climate variability associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). While the individual influences of these climate modes on the monsoon are well established,...

Differential Indo-Pacific SST warming and its dynamical control on monsoon depression genesis and Indian summer monsoon rainfall

The increasing influence of the Eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean warming on the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall

Long-term variability of Indian monsoon rainfall related to warming of Indian and Pacific oceans

Summer monsoon rainfall over India, vital for the socio-economic welfare of more than a billion people, exhibits large interannual variability. The sea surface temperatures of the Pacific and Indian oceans have been identified as the two most dominant factors affecting the seasonal rainfall over India. However, the com...

Multiscale drivers governing extreme rainfall in the Indo-Pacific region during boreal winter 2025

Investigating Climate Variability over the Eastern Region of India during the Pre-Monsoon Thunderstorm Season

Recent observational and modelling studies indicated increased upper tropospheric warming and lower stratospheric cooling over the past few decades. This shift has significantly impacted complex atmospheric circulation processes, which are closely linked to the rising frequency of intense weather events and pose critic...