Assessment of Lead and Cadmium concentrations in Soil and Wastewater within the Delhi NCR: Health and ecological risk implications

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution presents a significant public health and environmental hazard, especially in industrial areas where pollutants concentrate in soil and water. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are highly hazardous heavy metals associated with neurotoxicity, carcinogenesis, and environmental degradation. The fast development of electronic, textile, plastics, metal and agricultural products in Delhi NCR has intensified Pb and Cd pollution, requiring immediate evaluation and remediation measures. This work examines the environmental and toxicological hazards of Pb and Cd concentrations in the soil and water of residential regions of Kasna, Okhla, and Bawana industrial areas. It also looks at pollution indicators to ascertain the degree of contamination and its effects on ecosystems and human health. Using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), soil and water samples from the research sites were collected and subjected to physicochemical analysis regarding heavy metal contents. Pb levels above allowed limits; Cd poses significantly more environmental concern. The geoaccumulation index (Pb: 1.151, Cd: 4.562) and ecological risk index (Pb: 25.28, Cd: 1081.44) indicated extreme contamination. Industrial activity was shown by statistical analysis to be the leading cause of pollution, which might cause possible bioaccumulation in ecosystems and human exposure via inhalation, consumption, and skin contact. This research emphasizes how urgently strict environmental rules and remedial plans are needed for Pb and Cd toxicity reduction. The results provide epidemiological proof tying industrial pollution to public health hazards and environmental damage. Public health protection, environmental preservation, and sustainable industrial practices depend on addressing this pollution.