Jul 2026· ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT· 0 citations· 20 references
Abstract
Introduction: The study was conducted to assess health risks posed by soil pollution to the population of Kolchugino, one of the old industrial centers of the Vladimir Region.
Objective: To assess carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks to the population of the city of Kolchugino caused by soil pollution with heavy metals and arsenic from metal works.
Materials and Methods: Health risk assessment was conducted in accordance with Russian Guidelines R 2.1.10.3968–23 based on soil concentrations of gross forms of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn measured in the city of Kolchugino in 2023. Both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from oral, inhalation, and dermal exposures were calculated by three age groups (children under 7 years of age, children aged 7–17 years, and adults aged 18 years and over). Statistical processing and mathematical calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel.
Results: We established that values of the total carcinogenic risk were acceptable and ranged from 4.92×10–5 to 6.99×10–5. Ingestion was the priority route of exposure contributing the most to the carcinogenic risk and the total hazard index. The highest hazard indices were estimated for children under 7 years of age. Contamination of urban soils with heavy metals and arsenic posed the highest risks of disorders of the skin and of the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, and endocrine systems in the population of Kolchugino. The limitations of the study were related to exposure estimates, reference doses, and slope factors.
Conclusion: Our findings show that carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks posed by soil contamination in the industrial city of Kolchugino are within acceptable limits. The central nervous system, especially in children, is the most vulnerable to non-carcinogenic effects of heavy metals.
Automobile mechanic activities can introduce potentially toxic metals into surrounding soils through the disposal of spent engine oil, metallic scraps, batteries and other vehicle-related wastes. This study assessed heavy metal contamination, ecological risk and potential human-health risks in soils from automobile mechanic villages at Coal Camp and Emene, Enugu State, Nigeria. Soil samples were digested using a nitric acid–perchloric acid mixture and analysed for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Contamination and ecological risks were evaluated using the contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), degree of contamination (Cdeg), modified degree of contamination (mCd), geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (PERI). Human-health exposure was evaluated through dermal contact and soil ingestion using estimated average daily dose (ADD), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). Zinc recorded the highest concentrations at Coal Camp (1.2338 mg/kg) and Emene (1.2327 mg/kg), whereas mercury exhibited the highest contamination and ecological-risk contribution. The highest CF values were recorded for Hg at Coal Camp (10.075) and Emene (7.280), while Igeo values of 2.748 and 2.279 indicated moderate-to-strong Hg pollution, respectively. Coal Camp recorded higher Cdeg (11.270), mCd (1.127), PLI (0.0133) and RI (436.52) than Emene, which recorded Cdeg (8.417), mCd (0.842), PLI (0.0124) and RI (322.98). All HQ and HI values were below 1, indicating low non-carcinogenic risk through soil ingestion. Total ILCR values ranged from 4.882 × 10⁻⁷ to 1.359 × 10⁻⁶, with children showing higher estimated risks than adults. Overall, the soils exhibited low overall metal pollution based on PLI, but Hg represented the principal contaminant of concern and contributed substantially to ecological risk. Improved management of automobile wastes and regular monitoring of mechanic-village soils are recommended.
E. Ugwu, P. I. Udeozo, O. P. Nsude et al.· Asian Journal of Physical an...· 0 citations
Heavy-metal contamination in oil-producing environments may create human-health concerns through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure. This study reassessed non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with Ni, Cr, Cu, Co, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn, As and Zn in soil and water from the Apkai and Umusedege communities, Delta State, Nigeria, while auditing inconsistencies between thesis narrative summaries and numerical appendices. Concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry, with X-ray fluorescence used to validate soil results. Risk was evaluated using average daily intake, hazard quotient, hazard index and excess lifetime cancer risk for children and adults. The audit confirmed soil hazard indices of 2.51 for children and 1.29 for adults. Recalculation of water components yielded hazard indices of 0.02 for children and 12.31 for adults, producing corrected overall values of 2.53 and 13.60, respectively. For carcinogenic risk, an exponent error in the adult soil total was corrected to 1.85×10⁻⁶. Corrected total excess lifetime cancer risks were 7.18×10⁻⁶ for children and 2.40×10⁻⁶ for adults, both below the adopted 1×10⁻⁴ upper screening level. Soil ingestion dominated non-carcinogenic soil risk, whereas ingestion was the principal carcinogenic pathway. The unusually large adult water dermal hazard quotient of 12.04 requires independent verification. Overall, the audited results identify non-carcinogenic risk as the main modelled health concern.
Sanda Yusuf Sadau, N. Rabi'u, N. Garba et al.· Asian Journal of Physical an...· 0 citations
This study assessed heavy metal (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd) and radionuclide (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K) pollution and associated risks in the Likuyu River system, Tanzania. Surface water and sediments were collected from five sites along a 22.7 km river stretch, while soils and leafy vegetables were sampled from adjacent farms. Heavy metals were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry and radionuclides by high-purity germanium gamma spectrometry. Risk assessment used contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), non-carcinogenic risk, carcinogenic risk (CR), annual effective dose (AED), radium equivalent activity (Raeq), annual ingestion dose (Ding) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). Heavy metals in river water were below detection limits and complied with WHO drinking-water limits: The Zn, 3–5 mg L⁻¹; Cd, 0.003 mg L⁻¹; Ni, 0.07 mg L⁻¹; Cu, 2.0 mg L⁻¹; and Pb, 0.0135 mg L⁻¹. The Ni in sediments at Sites A and E reached 32.1 ± 26.90 and 35.97 ± 6.51 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, exceeding the threshold effect concentration of 22.7 mg kg⁻¹ but remaining below the probable effect concentration of 48.6 mg kg⁻¹. Pollution indices indicated generally low sediment contamination, with CF values mostly below 1, Igeo values from −5.49 to −0.40, and PLI values from 0.077 to 0.251, although slight Zn enrichment occurred at Site A (CF = 1.14). Soils were weakly polluted, with PLI values of 0.078–0.105; however, Site SOD showed localized Ni enrichment, with CF = 1.577 and Igeo = +0.07, reaching 107.2 ± 1.40 mg kg⁻¹, exceeding the TBS limit of 50 mg kg⁻¹. Bioaccumulation results showed strong Zn uptake in napa cabbage (BAF >12), cowpea (BAF ~8) and okra (BAF ~6), and Pb accumulation in okra (BAF ~6) and cowpea (BAF ~5), whereas Ni and Cd had BAF
Dust contamination is a challenging atmospheric issue that poses a major ecotoxicological risk to both the environment and human health. The presence of toxic heavy metals (HM's) in dust can put human health at risk if inhaled, ingested or via dermal contact. They can cause severe health problems, resulting in widespread mortality and morbidity. Therefore, it is crucial to develop eco-friendly ways and the appropriate strategies to minimize HM's in dust to build a healthy environment. The purpose of this systematic review is to present evidence-based information about the sources of HM's-containing dust, its effects on human health and the mitigation strategies that must be implemented in Pakistan, as well as to highlight the research gap in this area. The most illustrious database, Science Direct (SD), was used to conduct the online literature search and the first step involved identifying 109 review papers and 199 research articles from Pakistan that had been published in peer-reviewed journals between 2015 and 2023. According to the literature research, there are numerous sources and health risks of dust-containing HM's that need to be minimized and in a changing environment we found that phytoremediation is a good option for reducing toxic HM's in dust.
Fatima Ghaffar, Sanjrani Manzoor, Lubna Naz et al.· Pakistan Journal of Scientif...· 0 citations
Introduction. The problem of air pollution in mono-industry towns, which are based on town-forming enterprises, is currently becoming particularly relevant.The study aim was to determine the impact of atmospheric pollutants on the health of the population of two mono-industry towns in Khakassia based on the assessment of inhalation risk.Materials and methods. The study was conducted in Chernogorsk and Sayanogorsk. The state of the atmospheric air is characterized, and the health risks to the population are calculated according to modern methods.Results. In both mono-industry towns, excess of average annual concentrations of suspended solids, formaldehyde, and benzo(a)pyrene were observed. For acute inhalation exposure to pollutants, all hazard quotients in both towns corresponded to minimal or permissible (acceptable) risk levels, with hazard indices for critical organs and body systems at minimal levels. For chronic inhalation exposure, hazard quotients corresponded to warning levels in both towns over certain years. In 2022 and 2024, a high risk level from benzo(a)pyrene exposure was detected in Chernogorsk. Chronic respiratory risk corresponded to warning levels in both town, while childhood development risk corresponded to high levels in 2022 and warning levels in 2023–2024 in Chernogorsk. The total individual carcinogenic risk to the health of the population of both mono-industry towns was at a permissible (acceptable) level and was determined mainly by the contribution of formaldehyde (about 90%).Limitations of the study were due to the use of official data on pollutant concentrations for risk calculations. Conclusions. The results of the assessment of health risks to the population of single-industry towns in Khakassia from exposure to atmospheric pollutants obtained in this study should be used to optimize administrative and management decisions to improve the environmental situation. These results can also serve as objective criteria for the effectiveness of air protection measures implemented in Chernogorsk as part of the federal “Clean Air” project.Compliance with ethical standards. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee.Contribution: Kislitsyna V.V. – literature review, writing the text, editing; Surzhikov D.V. – concept and design of the study, material collecting, writing the text; Likontseva Yu.S. – data processing; Golikov R.A. – data collecting and processing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: April 24, 2026 / Revised: May 7, 2026 /Accepted: July 1, 2026 / Published: August 14, 2026
V. Kislitsyna, D. Surzhikov, Yu. S. Likontseva et al.· Hygiene and Sanitation· 0 citations
Oil and gas exploration can both introduce and redistribute potentially toxic metals and naturally occurring radioactive material across the soils and water bodies of surrounding communities, opening exposure pathways that reach well beyond the immediate production site. This study evaluated the human-health risk from heavy metals and the radiological risk from naturally occurring radionuclides in soil and water sampled from the Apkai and Umusedege oil-field communities in Ndokwa East and Ndokwa West Local Government Areas of Delta State, Nigeria. Sixty-three soil samples and eleven water samples were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, gross alpha/beta counting and gamma-ray spectrometry, covering Ni, Cr, Cu, Co, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn, As and Zn. Human-health risk was modelled for children and adults using USEPA exposure equations across ingestion, inhalation and dermal-contact pathways; the pathway-level components were audited directly against their own reported totals by direct summation of their reported pathway contributions. Once audited, the combined soil-and-water hazard index came to 2.53 for children and 13.60 for adults, with ingestion the dominant soil pathway for both groups and an unusually large adult water-dermal contribution driving the adult total; both hazard indices exceed the HI = 1 screening threshold. Total excess lifetime cancer risk from heavy-metal exposure was 7.18×10⁻⁶ for children and 2.40×10⁻⁶ for adults, both remaining within the USEPA-adopted acceptable range. In water, gross alpha and beta activities averaged 1184 and 2164 mBq L⁻¹ respectively, peaking at 3160 and 6145 mBq L⁻¹, with corresponding mean annual effective doses of 2.154, 1.133 and 0.566 mSv y⁻¹ (alpha) and 4.087, 2.106 and 1.053 mSv y⁻¹ (beta) for adults, children and infants respectively. Gamma spectrometry of soil gave mean activity concentrations of 36.102 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²²⁶Ra, 50.237 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³²Th and 251.903 Bq kg⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K, with a mean absorbed dose rate of 42.22 nGy h⁻¹, annual effective dose of 0.076 mSv y⁻¹ and radium equivalent activity of 91.627 Bq kg⁻¹. Mean external hazard, internal hazard, gamma representative-level and alpha indices were 0.247, 0.335, 0.376 and 0.162 respectively, and the calculated radiological cancer risks were 3.18×10⁻⁶ for adults and 4.32×10⁻⁶ for the whole population. Taken together, the audited results point to heavy-metal exposure with elevated hazard indices for both children and adults as the primary human-health concern, while soil NORM levels imply comparatively low external radiological hazard. Water, in contrast, showed elevated gross alpha/beta activity and associated doses alongside the dominant adult dermal hazard quotient, and therefore warrants continued radiological and chemical monitoring, more targeted radionuclide-specific follow-up, and independent verification of the adult water-dermal exposure calculation.
Sanda Yusuf Sadau, Ishaya Iliyasu, Atipo Kolawole M et al.· Asian Journal of Research an...· 0 citations
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